254 research outputs found
Conversion of African Americans to Islam : a sociological analysis of the Nation of Islam and associated groups
Get PDF'Conversion of African Americans to Islam: A Sociological Analysis of the Nation of
Islam Associated groups' is an empirical study of the religious experience of people
who had/have distinctive features in terms of race, ethnicity and historical experience.
The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how African Americans' (AAs) conversion
experience in general, and the Nation of Islam associated groups' conversion in
particular, differ from the studies of recruitment and conversion in the sociology of
religion and New Religion Movements (NRMs). More specifically, their recruitment
and conversion experiences to Islam diverge from those who converted to mainstream
Islam. The study investigates how AAs' historical experience, soci-economic
difficulties and the racism they encountered shaped and influenced their religious
understanding.
Research methods involved participant observations, a survey questionnaire, interviews,
conversations, personal communications and correspondence. To collect ethnographic
data eleven months field research was conducted mainly in the Chicago area and on two
short visits to Detroit, and three years continued communications with Muslim officials
and academics in the area. During the field research and afterwards through personal
communication 181 survey questionnaire responses were received, and 23 Muslim
officials, academics and ordinary Muslims were interviewed through semi-structured,
unstructured interviews, conversation and correspondence.
The thesis begins with a brief history of Islam and Muslims in general and the African
American Muslims (AAMs) in particular. More emphasis is given on the historical
development of the Nation of Islam (NOl). Then in Chapter III, discussions of schisms
in the history of the NOT are examined from sociological perspectives of social and
religious movements. In Chapter IV I aimed to formulate my own perspective to
analyse and study the conversion experiences of AAMs to Islam. I used a multivariate
approach, considering selectively widely held conversion and recruitment theories in the
sociology of the religion. I consider in Chapter V the predisposing conditions for AAMs
that influence their decision-making to join in the NOT, for example, political and
nationalistic sentiments and socio-economic deprivations. In Chapter VI I have applied
different terms to describe their religious experiences, such as conversion, alteration and
reversion. I have analysed further their encounters with the NOT, the methods of
recruitment they used and their major motives for joining the NOT and converting to
Tslam. In the concluding chapters (Chapter VII VTTT) I describe the different responses
of AAMS to Islam following the death of Elijah Muhammad. It is found out that the
Islamic appeal has polarised. While Farakhan's NOT appeared to continue the tradition
and style of the old NOI with the emphasis on nationalistic and socio-economic factors,
Tmam W. D. Mohammed's community turned more to the religious and spiritual aspects
of Tslam. These different approaches led to a polarisation of the appeal of Tslam to
AAMS.
This thesis contributes to knowledge in four key areas; the sociology of religion and
religious movements, the sociology of social and nationalistic movements, religious and
Islamic studies
Study of Pakistan pilot project farmer-leaders to Nepal
Get PDFFarmer participation / Irrigation management / Farmer managed irrigation systems / Irrigated farming / Sustainable agriculture / Institution building / Pakistan
Annotation of conceptual co-reference and text Mining the Qur'an
Get PDFThis research contributes to the area of corpus annotation and text mining by developing novel domain specific language resources. Most practical text mining applications restrict their domain. This research restricts the domain to the Qur'anic Text.
In this thesis, a number of pre-processing steps were undertaken and annotation information were added to the Qur'an. The raw Arabic Qur'an was pre-processed into morphological units using the Qur'anic Arabic Corpus (QAC). Qur'anic terms were indexed and converted into a vector space model using techniques in Information Retrieval (IR). In parallel, nearly 24,000 Qur'anic personal pronouns were annotated with information on their referents. These referents are consolidated and organized into a total of over 1,000 ontological concepts. Moreover, a dataset of nearly 8,000 pairs of related Qur'anic verses are compiled from books of scholarly commentary on the Qur'an. This vector space model, the pronoun tagging, the verse relatedness dataset, and the part-of-speech tags available in QAC all together served for a number of Qur'anic text mining applications which were rendered online for public use. Among these applications: lemma concordance, collocation, POS search of the Qur'an, verse similarity measures, concept clouds of a given verse, pronominal anaphora and Qur'anic chapter similarity.
Furthermore, machine learning experiments were conducted on automatic detection of verse similarity/relatedness as well as categorization of Qur'anic chapters based on their chronology of revelation. Domain specific linguistic features were investigated to induct learning algorithms. Results show that deep linguistic and world knowledge is needed to reach the human upper bound in certain computational tasks such as detecting text relatedness, question answering and textual entailment. However, many useful queries can be addressed using text mining techniques and layers of annotations made available through this research. The works presented here can be extended to include other similar texts like Hadith (i.e., saying of Prophet Muhammad), or other scriptures like the Gospels
Intellectual property laws and Islam in Malaysia.
No full textPhDThis study is undertaken on the premise that Islam and Islamic law is to be taken into
serious consideration in any future legislative reform of laws in Malaysia. Islam being
the religion of the country and the strong religious sentiment of the Muslims (who
form the majority in Malaysia) cannot be overlooked or dismissed lightly by the
legislators in Malaysia. Reformation of intellectual property laws is timely, as we are
now approaching to the dateline set by GATF-Trips agreement which aim is to
improve our standard of intellectual property protection. This study seeks to analyze
and evaluate the current legislation pertaining to intellectual property in Malaysia in
terms of the philosophy and rules governing the existence, ownership and exercise of
these rights and their consistency and inconsistency with Islam and Islamic law. The
main objective of this study is to prove that a coherent and logical conceptual
framework of ownership of intellectual property can be derived from an Islamic
perspective which not only offers the basis of rights but also defines the scope of
these rights. From the point of ownership of rights, support can be obtained from the
normative framework of property rights within the traditional classification of 'mal'
(property) and 'haqq al-milkiyyah' (ownership rights) under Islamic law. From the
point of exercise of rights, the exact scope can be defined from the analysis of
fundamental concepts which have been developed by Muslim jurists. It has been
established that Islam and Islamic law offers a sound and systematic paradigm, which
in deeper analysis, can satisfy both our current obligations under international
treatises, as well as our responsibility to practise our religion to the fullest
Moving Quick Response Codes Identification: System Performance Analysis and Maximization by Optimization of Illuminance and Exposure Time
No full textWe studied the relationship of Quick Response (QR) code identification system performances with illuminance on the QR code, exposure time of the camera, and relative moving speed. We studied the root causes of low identification performance problems on moving QR code as well. A physical experiment method study on a minimal working example of a real-time moving QR codes identification system with ZBar QR codes identification algorithm has done, and then the results were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The values of illuminance on the QR code, exposure time of the camera, and relative moving speed used in the experiments were 140 lux - 640 lux, 0.7 ms - 22.2 ms, and 0 m/s - 2.5 m/s, respectively. Our data boundaries of the experiment results regarding exposure and motion blur (mediator variables) were respectively 0.108 lux(Formula presented)s - 12.476 lux(Formula presented)s and 0.0 pixel - 30.4 pixel. We identified physical phenomena in imaging, exposure and motion blur, could make the QR code image too dark/too bright and motion blurred. Such phenomena could make the QR code hard to identify and being the root cause of the problems. Our quantitative study proved that identification system performance is affected by illuminance, exposure time, and relative moving speed. Finally, we proposed a novel solution to overcome the problems by using a numerical method to compute the optimal illuminance on the QR code and the camera's exposure time for the given relative moving speed of the system. © 2022. All Rights Reserved
The role of the accused in English and Islamic criminal justice
Get PDFThis thesis is a comparative study of the role of the accused in the systems of
English and Islamic criminal justice. It seeks to explore the underlying
relationship between the individual and the state through an historical, structural
and contextual analysis of their rules relating to questioning and of confessions.
The analysis of the English system covers the period 1800 to 1984, with
particular reference to developments during the nineteenth century when the
foundations for the modern English state were established. The analysis of the
Islamic system combines traditionally Islamic and modern methods, assessing the
"Islamisation" movement in Malaysia through a religico-structural understanding
of juristic opinion from the four main schools of Sunnite jurisprudence.
The thesis contributes to existing knowledge on a number of levels: first, it
questions and revises the "myth" of "progress" that has dominated observations
of the history of the English criminal justice system; second, it elucidates the
relationship between Islamic law in theory and the law that is applied and
proposed in its name in Muslim states; third, it provides an analytical framework
for drawing comparisons between the underlying values of the systems of English
and Islamic criminal justice.
While acknowledging fundamental differences in terms of outlook and
articulation, the author concludes there are important similarities expressed
through such notions as "suspect" in the English system and "kafir"I"fasiq" in the
Islamic. These act as intermediate constitutional categories to whom the state
owe less protection. But the author notes also that these similarities are not
observed necessarily in the "law" which is implemented or proposed in Muslim
states; exact correspondence depends upon the over-arching political structure
and the institution of Caliphate.
The thesis is divided into six chapters: chapter one sets out the conventional view
of the historical development of English criminal procedure and evidence;
chapter two subjects that to a critique and chapter three offers a revised thesis.
Chapter four, explores methods for interpreting and explaining Islam; chapter
five sets out rules relating to confessions and questioning according to the four
Sunni schools; chapter six puts them into "context" through an examination of
the "Islamisation" process in Malaysia
Near-capacity iterative decoding of binary self-concatenated codes using soft decision demapping and 3-D EXIT charts
Get PDFIn this paper 3-D Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) charts are used to design binary Self-Concatenated Convolutional Codes employing Iterative Decoding (SECCC-ID), exchanging extrinsic information with the soft-decision demapper to approach the channel capacity. Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) codes are selected as constituent codes, an interleaver is used for randomising the extrinsic information exchange of the constituent codes, while a puncturer helps to increase the achievable bandwidth efficiency. The convergence behaviour of the decoder is analysed with the aid of bit-based 3-D EXIT charts, for accurately calculating the operating EbN0 threshold, especially when SP based soft demapper is employed. Finally, we propose an attractive system configuration, which is capable of operating within about 1 dB from the channel capacity
Violencia contra las mujeres en la conquista timúrida (s. XIV y XV). El relato devastador del cronista Arabshah
Get PDFAhmad b. Muhammad Ibn 'Arabshah (1392-1450) wrote The Wonders of Destiny of the Ravages of Timur, a biography completed in Damascus on 12 August 1435. This work, which is highly critical of Tamerlane’s management and conquests, is one of the most eloquent sources of information on both the nomadic women of his clan and the representatives of the conquered peoples. Females from all the subjugated communities, survivors of the massacres, were deported for agricultural work and moved to distant territories, indefinitely separated from their families. The representatives of the noble lineages guaranteed with their lives the pacts and served to give lineage to the warrior bands without prestige or nobility. This paper aims to list the historiographical resources used by the Arab author to expose the atrocities committed against women. Firstly, the account of the "wonders" of the Timurid advance, a sequence of acts of extreme force that surprised by their savagery and devastation. Secondly, the concatenation of political events permitted the rise of the network of power created around the women of the devastated territories. The primary hypothesis is that Arabshah uses the same historiographical axes as his pro-Timurid contemporaries, the military and the political, but with an opposite sign, considering the female role in this period of transitions.Ahmad b. Muhammad Ibn 'Arabshah (1392-1450) escribió Las maravillas del destino de las conquistas de Tamorlán, biografía de este viajero árabe finalizada en Damasco el 12 de agosto de 1435. La obra de carácter eminentemente crítico a la gestión y conquistas de Tamorlán es una de las fuentes más elocuentes para el abordaje tanto de la mujer nómade de su propio clan como de las representantes de los pueblos dominados. Mujeres de todas las comunidades sojuzgadas, sobrevivientes de las masacres, fueron deportadas para realizar trabajos agrícolas y movilizadas a territorios lejanos separadas indefinidamente de sus familias. Las representantes de los linajes nobles garantizaron con sus vidas los pactos alcanzados y sirvieron para otorgar estirpe a las bandas de guerreros sin prestigio ni nobleza. El objetivo de este trabajo es enumerar los recursos cronísticos que utiliza el autor árabe para exponer las atrocidades cometidas contra las mujeres. En primer término, el relato de las “maravillas” de la avanzada timúrida, secuencia de actos de fuerza extrema que sorprendieron por el salvajismo y devastación. Y, en segundo lugar, la concatenación de hechos políticos que dieron lugar a la red de poder que se crea en torno a las mujeres de los territorios arrasados. La hipótesis primara es que Arabshah utiliza los mismos ejes cronísticos que sus contemporáneos pro-timúridas, el militar y el político, pero con un signo opuesto, considerando el rol femenino en este período de transiciones
Un texto de Yusuf III sobre la génesis de la Ihata que nos da la clave para conocer al autor del Dikr bilad al-Andalus
Get PDFEn este trabajo se estudia un importante pasaje del Nafh al-tib de al-Maqqari, donde el rey nazarí Yusuf III (s. XV) arroja luz sobre la génesis del libro de la Ihata de Ibn al-Jatib, al tiempo que nos permite saber que el autor de la “Descripción anónima de al-Andalus” (Dikr bilad al-Andalus) es Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad Ibn ìuzayy (s. XIV), literato y poeta granadino muy conocido por haber sido el redactor de la Rihla de Ibn Battuta.Studies an important text of king Yusuf III (15th c.) in the al-Maqqari's Nafh al-tib, which throws light on genesis of the Ibn al-Khatib's Ihata, while allowing to know that the author of Dhikr bilad al-Andalus was Abu ‘Abd Allah Ibn Djuzayy (14th c.), an author from Granada who was famous as writer of Ibn Battuta's Rihla
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