12 research outputs found
Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectiveness of Word N+2 in Chinese Reading
No full textPreview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N + 2) and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N + 2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N + I. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N + 2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N + I was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N + 1 and PB for word N + 2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N + 1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading.http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000285272500028&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=8e1609b174ce4e31116a60747a720701PsychologyPsychology, ExperimentalSCI(E)PubMedSSCI27ARTICLE61669-16763
A novel predictive model utilizing retinal microstructural features for estimating survival outcome in patients with glioblastoma
No full textPurpose: Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis despite surgery and chemoradiation. The visual sequelae of glioblastoma have not been well characterized. This study assessed visual outcomes in glioblastoma patients through neuro-ophthalmic exams, imaging of the retinal microstructures/microvasculature, and perimetry. Methods: A total of 19 patients with glioblastoma (9 male, 10 female, average age at diagnosis 69 years) were enrolled. Tumor characteristic, neuro-ophthalmic exam data, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT-Angiography data of all patient eyes were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and a Machine Learning algorithm. Results: Best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 20/20 – 20/50. Occipital tumors showed worse visual fields than frontal tumors (mean deviatio
Подходы к трактовке феномена контркультуры: попытка типологизации
No full textВ статті охарактеризовані основні напрямки до розуміння феномену контркультури в західній соціальній та політичній науці, зокрема досліджено безпосередню генезу терміну, а також здійснена спроба типологізації наукових підходів щодо контркультури. Визначено, що термін «контркультура» був уперше вжитий у 1951 році в роботі Т. Парсонса «Соціальна система». Надалі з дещо зміненим значенням був описаний американським соціологом Дж. Мілтоном Їнгером у 1960 році та популяризований у 1969 році у відомій роботі Ч. Рошака «Створення контркультури». Загалом наукові підходи до розуміння сутності феномену контркультури можна структурувати на дві групи. До першої належать ті визначення, які розглядають термін у вузькому значенні, як сукупність соціально-політичних, культурних критичних установок, в середовищі американського та європейського суспільства у 50-70 роках ХХ століття. Інша група наукових підходів розглядає контркультуру в широкому сенсі, як певну сукупність цінностей, ідей, які протистоять базовій культурі. В рамках такого підходу контркультура розглядається як явище, яке неодноразово виникало в історії суспільства. Дослідивши погляди західних науковців щодо контркультури, визначені три напрямки, поділені за критерієм відношення до контркультури. Серед них апологетичний, критичний та збалансований підходи. До апологетичного підходу відносяться роботи дослідників, для яких характерне однозначно позитивне відношення до контркультури, соціальних, політичних аспектів її діяльності. Часто містяться й певні критичні зауваження, але вони не міняють загальної картини прихильності автора до явища. До критичного підходу відносимо дослідників, які розглядають контркультуру як негативне соціальне явище і практику. Збалансований підхід поєднує в собі роботи багатьох дослідників, яких об’єднує намагання розглянути контркультуру як об’єктивне явище, при цьому спільним для авторів є визнання важливості існування явища, його вплив на соціокультурний та політичний процеси. Критицизм відноситься значною мірою до радикальних культурних практик, політичного екстремізму та надмірного захоплення психоделічними речовинами в середовищі представників контркультури.In the article the author analyzes the directions of studying the phenomenon of counterculture in Western science. An attempt is also made to typologize these scientific approaches. The term is first encountered in the work of Talcott Parsons «Social System» in 1951. The term is used in the context of a discussion on the ideology of subculture movements and deviant groups. His term sounds like «counter-culture». In a somewhat modified writing, with an expanded description of the term, it is used by American sociologist J. Milton Jinger in 1960. His term «contraculture» in English first encountered in 1960. The term gained its scientific and public popularity in 1969 after Theodore Roszak`s publication “The Making of a Counter Culture”. He used this term to describe countercultural, subcultural movements in the United States of the 1960s, including the hippies, the «New Left». The term also was related to their critical program, as well as to characterizing an alternative society, whose creation was propagated, and partly carried out by the representatives of the movements of the sixties. This approach characterizes counterculture in a narrow sense. In the broad sense, it does not connected to a concrete time period and defines a set of ideas, values, world outlook, which oppose the official basic culture. After investigating the views of scholars on counterculture, since the 1970s the author identifies three different directions, divided by the criterion of relation to counterculture. Among them are apologetic, critical and balanced approaches. To the apologetic approach belongs the work of researchers, which is characterized by a clearly positive attitude to counterculture, social and political aspects of its activities. Often there are some critical remarks but they do not change the general picture of the author’s commitment to the phenomenon. Critical approach include researchers who consider counterculture as a negative social phenomenon and practice. The most radical representatives include Daniel Bell, Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter and others. Balanced approach combines the work of many researchers, which combines efforts to investigate counterculture as an objective phenomenon, while taking into account its weaknesses and strengths. At the same time, the authors recognize the importance of existence of the phenomenon, its influence on socio-cultural and political processes. Criticism relates to radical cultural practices, political extremism and excessive interest in psychedelics among representatives of counterculture. The approaches of researchers to this direction vary, from the «pioneer» of research of the phenomenon J. Milton Jinger, and to the researchers who tried to conduct research directly inside of the countercultural movement, in particular Kenneth Keniston, and others.В статье охарактеризованы основные научные подходы к пониманию феномена контркультуры в западной социальной и политической науке, в частности исследовано происхождение термина, а также предпринята попытка типологизации научных подходов к изучению контркультуры. Определено, что термин «контркультура» был впервые употреблен в 1951 году, в работе Т. Парсонса «Социальная система». В дальнейшем с несколько измененным значением был описан американским социологом Дж. Милтоном Ингером в 1960 году и популяризированный в 1969 году в известной работе Ч. Рошака «Создание контркультуры». В общем научные подходы к пониманию сущности феномена контркультуры можно структурировать на две группы. К первой относятся те определения, которые рассматривают термин в узком смысле, как совокупность социально-политических, культурных критических установок в среде американского и европейского общества в 50-70 годах ХХ века. Другая группа научных подходов рассматривает контркультуру в широком смысле, как некую совокупность ценностей, идей, которые противостоят базовой культуре. В рамках такого подхода контркультура рассматривается как явление, которое неоднократно возникало в истории общества. Исследовав взгляды западных ученых, определены три направления, которые разделены по критерию отношения к контркультуре. Среди них: апологетический, критический и сбалансированный подходы. К апологетическому подходу относятся работы исследователей, для которых характерно однозначно положительное отношение к контркультуре, к ее социальным и политическим аспектам. В данном подходе содержатся и некоторые критические замечания, но они не меняют общей картины расположения автора к явлению. К критическому подходу относятся исследователи, рассматривающие контркультуру как негативное социальное явление и практику. Сбалансированный подход сочетает в себе работы исследователей, которых объединяет стремление рассмотреть контркультуру как объективное явление, учитывая при этом ее слабые и сильные стороны. При этом общим для авторов является признание важности существования явления, его влияние на социокультурный и политический процессы. Критицизм относится в значительной мере к радикальным культурным практикам, политическому экстремизму и чрезмерному увлечению психоделическими веществами в среде представителей контркультуры
Retinal Microstructural Changes Reflecting Treatment-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Lower-Grade Gliomas.
No full textPURPOSE: To determine whether microstructural retinal changes, tumor features, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 polymorphism are correlated with clinically detectable treatment-associated cognitive dysfunction (TACD) in patients with lower-grade gliomas. DESIGN: Cohort study. PARTICIPANTS AND CONTROLS: Sixteen patients with lower-grade glioma at a United States academic ophthalmology department between January 2021 and November 2023. Normal controls were recruited from convenient sampling. METHODS: Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores and retinal changes were assessed in 6-month intervals. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed, and tumor details were recorded. Partial least-squares discriminant (PLSD) model was established to evaluate the association between TACD with APOE genotype, ophthalmic, and tumor features. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was cognitive status as measured by the MoCA score and analyzed in relation to ophthalmic measurements, tumor features, and APOE genotype. RESULTS: Median time to first eye examination was 34 months (2-266) from tumor diagnosis and 23 months (0-246) from radiation. Nine patients (56%) had abnormal cognition (MoCA <26/30). Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores were significantly worse in patients with temporal (22 ± 7.2) than frontal lobe tumors (26 ± 3.1, P = 0.02) and those with oligodendrogliomas (22 ± 4.1) than astrocytomas (26 ± 3.6, = 0.02). Patients with TACD had significant radial peripapillary capillary density loss (45% ± 4.6) compared with those with normal cognition (49% ± 2.6, P = 0.02). A PLSD model correlated MoCA scores with retinal nerve fiber thickness, intraocular pressure, foveal avascular zone, best-corrected visual acuity, months since first diagnosis, and tumor pathology (oligodendroglioma or not). Using these features, the model identified patients with TACD with 77% accuracy. Apolipoprotein E genotyping showed: 2 ε2/ε3 (13%), 10 ε3/ε3 (63%), and 1 ε3/ε4 (6%). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal microstructural changes may serve as biomarkers for TACD in patients with lower-grade gliomas. Temporal lobe tumors and oligodendrogliomas may increase susceptibility to TACD. Utilization of retinal markers may enhance TACD diagnosis, progression monitoring, and inform management of lower-grade patients with glioma. A larger study with serial eye examinations is warranted to evaluate the role of APOE ε4 and develop a predictive model. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article
Developmental trajectories of reading development and impairment from ages 3 to 8 years in Chinese children
No full textEarly prediction of reading disabilities in Chinese is important for early remediation efforts. In this 6-year longitudinal study, we investigated the early cognitive predictors of reading skill in a statistically representative sample of Chinese children from Beijing.Two hundred sixty-one (261) native Chinese children were administered seven language-related skills over three years between the ages of 3 and 6 years. Performances on these skills were then examined in relation to subsequent word reading accuracy and fluency. Individual differences in developmental profiles across tasks were then estimated using growth mixture modeling.Four developmental trajectories were classified – the typical (control), catch-up (with low initial cognitive performances but adequate subsequent reading), literacy-related-cognitive-delay (with difficulties in morphological awareness, phonological awareness, and speeded naming and subsequent word recognition), and language-delay (relatively low across all tasks) groups.Findings suggest that the combination of phonological awareness, rapid naming and morphological awareness are essential in the early prediction of later reading difficulties in Chinese children.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/79090/1/j.1469-7610.2010.02311.x.pd
Author Correction: Multi-institutional atlas of brain metastases informs spatial modeling for precision imaging and personalized therapy
No full textThe optimal cut‐off values for tumor size, number of lesions, and CEA levels in patients with surgically treated colorectal cancer liver metastases: An international, multi‐institutional study
No full textBackground and Objectives
Despite the long-standing consensus on the importance of tumor size, tumor number and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels as predictors of long-term outcomes among patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), optimal prognostic cut-offs for these variables have not been established.
Methods
Patients who underwent curative-intent resection of CRLM and had available data on at least one of the three variables of interest above were selected from a multi-institutional dataset of patients with known KRAS mutational status. The resulting cohort was randomly split into training and testing datasets and recursive partitioning analysis was employed to determine optimal cut-offs. The concordance probability estimates (CPEs) for these optimal cut offs were calculated and compared to CPEs for the most widely used cut-offs in the surgical literature.
Results
A total of 1643 patients who met eligibility criteria were identified. Following recursive partitioning analysis in the training dataset, the following cut-offs were identified: 2.95 cm for tumor size, 1.5 for tumor number and 6.15 ng/ml for CEA levels. In the entire dataset, the calculated CPEs for the new tumor size (0.52), tumor number (0.56) and CEA (0.53) cut offs exceeded CPEs for other commonly employed cut-offs.
Conclusion
The current study was able to identify optimal cut-offs for the three most commonly employed prognostic factors in CRLM. While the per variable gains in discriminatory power are modest, these novel cut-offs may help produce appreciable increases in prognostic performance when combined in the context of future risk scores
as a prognostic biomarker after hepatectomy for rectal cancer metastases: Does the primary disease site matter?
No full textBackground The prognostic implication of mutant KRAS (mKRAS) among patients with primary disease in the rectum remains unknown. Methods From 2000 to 2018, patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases at 10 collaborating international institutions with documented KRAS status were surveyed. Results A total of 834 (65.8%) patients with primary colon cancer and 434 (34.2%) patients with primary rectal cancer were included. In patients with primary colon cancer, mKRAS served as a reliable prognostic biomarker of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.58, 95% CI 1.28-1.95) in the multivariable analysis. Although a trend towards significance was noted, mKRAS was not found to be an independent predictor of OS in patients with primary rectal tumors (HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.98-1.80). For colon cancer, the specific codon impacted in mKRAS appears to reflect underlying disease biology and oncologic outcomes, with codon 13 being associated with particularly poor OS in patients with left-sided tumors (codon 12, HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.22-1.99; codon 13, HR 2.10 95% CI 1.43-3.08;). Stratifying the rectal patient population by codon mutation did not confer prognostic significance following hepatectomy. Conclusions While the left-sided colonic disease is frequently grouped with rectal disease, our analysis suggests that there exist fundamental biologic differences that drive disparate outcomes. Although there was a trend toward significance of KRAS mutations for patients with primary rectal cancers, it failed to achieve statistical significance
Mutant KRAS as a prognostic biomarker after hepatectomy for rectal cancer metastases: Does the primary disease site matter?
No full textBackground The prognostic implication of mutant KRAS (mKRAS) among patients with primary disease in the rectum remains unknown. Methods From 2000 to 2018, patients undergoing hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases at 10 collaborating international institutions with documented KRAS status were surveyed. Results A total of 834 (65.8%) patients with primary colon cancer and 434 (34.2%) patients with primary rectal cancer were included. In patients with primary colon cancer, mKRAS served as a reliable prognostic biomarker of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.58, 95% CI 1.28-1.95) in the multivariable analysis. Although a trend towards significance was noted, mKRAS was not found to be an independent predictor of OS in patients with primary rectal tumors (HR 1.34, 95% CI 0.98-1.80). For colon cancer, the specific codon impacted in mKRAS appears to reflect underlying disease biology and oncologic outcomes, with codon 13 being associated with particularly poor OS in patients with left-sided tumors (codon 12, HR 1.56, 95% CI 1.22-1.99; codon 13, HR 2.10 95% CI 1.43-3.08;). Stratifying the rectal patient population by codon mutation did not confer prognostic significance following hepatectomy. Conclusions While the left-sided colonic disease is frequently grouped with rectal disease, our analysis suggests that there exist fundamental biologic differences that drive disparate outcomes. Although there was a trend toward significance of KRAS mutations for patients with primary rectal cancers, it failed to achieve statistical significance
Spatial and morphological distribution of brain metastases by anatomical, functional and vascular atlases to guide detection, segmentation and therapy
No full textBrain metastases are a frequent and debilitating manifestation of advanced cancer. Here, we collect and analyze neuroimaging of 3,065 cancer patients with 13,067 brain metastases, representing the most extensive collection to date. We find that metastases predominantly localize to high perfusion areas near the grey-white matter junction, but also identify notable differences depending on the primary cancer histology as well as brain regions which do not conform to this relationship. Lung and breast cancers, in contrast to melanoma, frequently metastasize to the cerebellum, hinting at biological pathways of spread. Additionally, the deep brain structures are relatively spared from metastasis, regardless of primary cancer type. Leveraging this data, we propose a probabilistic brain metastasis risk model to enhance the therapeutic ratio of whole-brain radiotherapy by targeting high risk areas while preserving cortical and subcortical brain regions of functional significance and low metastasis risk, potentially reducing the cognitive side effects of therapy
