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Modulation Spectrum Equalization for Improved Robust Speech Recognition
No full text在強健性語音辨識的領域中，時域濾波器(Temporal Filter)是一個常見且相當有效的技術。在過去已經發展很成熟的著名技術包括相對頻譜濾波器(Relative Spectra, RASTA)，以及基於主成分分析(Principle Component Analysis, PCA) 和線性鑑別分析(Linear Discriminant Analysis, LDA) 所設計的資料導向(Data-driven) 時域濾波器。這些技術主要是針對語音參數的時間序列 (Time Trajectories)或是調變頻譜 (Modulation Spectrum) 設計濾波器，進而使得語音信號中的雜訊能得到有效的抑制; 然而這些傳統技術的缺點在於不能隨著外在雜訊環境的不同來作調整，因而難以在所有的雜訊環境下都有很好的表現。
本論文所提出的調變頻譜等化法 (Modulation Spectrum Equalization) 則可以視為一種可適性的時域濾波器，亦即我們可以對在不同雜訊環境下錄音的語句得到不同的濾波器頻率響應，因而能夠有效改善在各種不同雜訊環境下的辨識結果。在這些技術當中，我們首先藉由傅利葉轉換將語音參數的時間序列轉換至調變頻譜，而我們所提出的技術均是直接利用信號在調變頻譜上的分佈情形來做設計。在頻譜分佈等化法 (Spectral Histogram Equalization, SHE) 中，我們先利用乾淨的訓練語料，統計它們的調變頻譜機率分佈作為參考分佈，接著將測試語句的調變頻譜機率分佈等化至此參考分佈。而在雙頻帶頻譜分佈等化法(Two-band Spectral Histogram Equalization, 2B-SHE)中，我們利用調變頻譜上低頻和高頻通常帶有不同的語音資訊這項特色，將測試語句中的低頻和高頻部分，分別等化至不同的參考分佈，進而得到比頻譜分佈等化法更佳的辨識結果。而在量值比例等化法(Magnitude Ratio Equalization, MRE)中，我們則將測試語句在調變頻譜上的量值比例等化至由乾淨語料所計算出的量值比例參考值。
我們在英文連續數字語料 (Aurora 2) 和英文連續大字彙語料 (Aurora 4) 上的實驗發現，我們所提出的技術相較於傳統的時域濾波器技術在辨識率上有明顯的提昇，而且我們所提出的技術也可以和一些知名的倒頻譜正規化法作有效的結合以進一步提昇辨識正確率。而除了在辨識率上的呈現外，我們也從許多不同的面向來探討辨識率進步的原因，包含這些技術所求出的濾波器應、雜訊在調變頻譜上的行為、不同音素的辨識率，以及調變頻譜的距離….等。We propose novel approaches for equalizing the modulation spectrum for robust feature extraction in speech recognition. In these cases the temporal trajectories of the
feature parameters are first transformed into the magnitude modulation spectrum. In spectral histogram equalization (SHE) and two-band spectral histogram equalization
(2B-SHE), we simply equalize the histogram of the modulation spectrum for each utterance to a reference histogram obtained from clean training data, or perform the
this equalization with two sub-bands on the modulation spectrum. In magnitude ratio equalization (MRE), we define the magnitude ratio of lower to higher modulation frequency components for each utterance, and equalize this to a reference value obtained from clean training data. These approaches can be viewed as temporal filters that are adapted to each testing utterance. Experiments performed on the Aurora 2 and 4 corpora for small and large vocabulary tasks indicate that significant performance improvements are achievable for all noise conditions (additive or convolutional, different noise types, and different SNR values). We also show that additional improvements are obtainable when these approaches are integrated with cepstral mean and variance normalization (CMVN), histogram equalization (HEQ), or higher-order cepstral moment normalization (HOCMN). We analyze and discuss
reasons why such improvements are achievable from different viewpoints with different sets of data, including adaptive temporal filtering, noise behavior on the modulation spectrum, phoneme types, and modulation spectrum distance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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