37 research outputs found
A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development.
No full textCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development
Systemic Cytokine Response predicts the Outcome of Patients from Mechanical Ventilation
No full textABSTRACT
Purpose
Despite the lifesaving potential, mechanical ventilation (MV) imposes a considerable amount of mechanical stress on the lung. Pulmonary and systemic cytokine release due to inflammatory process triggered by MV may give valuable information on patient outcome.
Materials and methods
Thirty patients aged >18 years with acute respiratory distress who required MV were enrolled for the study. Three milliliters of the venous blood was collected immediately after the initiation of MV and at 24 hours. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were estimated using quantitative immunometric sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Based on their outcome from MV, they were divided into two groups: Survivors (group I) and nonsurvivors (group II).
Results
Serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 significantly increased in group II (n=13) when compared with group I (n = 17) (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001 respectively) at 24 hours of MV. However, TNF-α did not show any significant difference between the two groups. The IL-6 >111.9 pg/mL at 24 hours of MV increases the probability of mortality by factor 2.40. An increase of IL-6 by 1 pg/mL significantly increases the relative probability of mortality by a factor of 1.004 (95% CI, 1.0003–1.0078, p = 0.0001).
Conclusion
Estimating the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 at 24 hours of connecting the patient to MV will help in predicting the outcome of the patient.
How to cite this article
Prashant A, Vishwanath P, Kotekar N, Nataraj SM, Kuruvilla C, Nagalakshmi CS, Doddamani P. Systemic Cytokine Response predicts the Outcome of Patients from Mechanical Ventilation. Indian J Med Biochem 2017;21(1):5-10.
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Prediction of outcome and prognosis of patients on mechanical ventilation using body mass index, SOFA score, C-Reactive protein, and serum albumin
No full textContext: Body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, and C-reactive protein
(CRP) appear to be major determinants of hospitalization. Aim: To
determine the predictive ability of BMI, Sequential Organ Failure
Assessment (SOFA score), serum albumin, and CRP to assess the duration
and outcome of mechanical ventilation (MV). Materials and Methods:
Thirty patients aged >18 years who required mechanical ventilation
(MV) were enrolled for the study. They were divided into two groups;
patients who improved (Group 1), patients who expired (Group 2). Group
1 was further divided into two groups: patients on MV for <5 days
(Group A), and patients on MV for >5days (Group B). BMI and SOFA
score were calculated, and serum albumin and CRP were estimated.
Results and Discussion: Out of the 30 patients, 18 patients
successfully improved after MV (Group 1) and 12 patients expired (Group
2). Among the 18 patients in group 1, ten patients improved within 5
days (Group A) and 8 patients after 5 days (Group B). SOFA score and
CRP were significantly increased (P value 0.0003 and 0.0001,
respectively) in group 2 when compared to group 1. CRP >24.2 mg/L or
SOFA score >7 at the start of MV increases the probability of
mortality by factor 13.08 or 3.92, respectively The above parameters
did not show any statistical difference when group A was compared to
group B. Conclusion: Simple, economic and easily accessible markers
like CRP and assessment tools of critically ill patients with SOFA
score are important determinants of possible outcomes of a patient from
MV
Unveiling the Significance of Surrogate Markers of Insulin Resistance in Metabolic Health Assessment
No full textRecent years have evidenced an alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and other metabolic disorders. Rapid urbanization and lifestyle changes have been the major factors for this increase. Early diagnosis is the key to better risk stratification and prompt management of these patients. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders. Assessing the IR in the initial stages would therefore help in early detection of patients who are susceptible to metabolic disorders. The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique has been the gold standard method for assessing IR. The major limitation of this technique is it is invasive and requires a specialized setup. Hence, identifying reliable surrogate markers for assessing IR is the need of the hour both in clinical and research settings. This review delves into the current knowledge of surrogate markers utilized to assess IR, providing a comprehensive overview of their strengths, limitations, and emerging trends. We explore commonly employed surrogate markers such as fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), adiponectin, triglyceride-to-glucose index, etc. The search for accurate and cost-effective surrogate markers holds significant promise for early detection, risk stratification, and targeted interventions. This review aims to contribute to the existing knowledge on IR and highlight future directions in the quest for effective markers for IR
Comparative assessment of cytokines and other inflammatory markers for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis-a case control study.
No full textOBJECTIVE: Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), sCD163, and C-reactive protein were serially measured in an attempt to identify a set of tests which can reliably confirm or refute the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis at an early stage. METHODS: One hundred neonates suspected to have sepsis on clinical grounds and who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study. Based on the positive or negative blood culture reports they were classified as infected (n=50) and non-infected (n=50) neonates respectively. Fifty healthy neonates without any signs of sepsis were also included in the study as control group. The initial blood sample was taken on day 0 (at the time of sepsis evaluation) and two further samples were taken on days 1 and 2 for monitoring the clinical progress and response to treatment. In the control group the cord blood and 48 hours venous sample was collected. Plasma CRP (ng/ml), IL-6 (pg/ml), IL-8 (pg/ml), TNF-α (ng/ml) and sCD163 (ng/ml) were determined by double antibody method Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay in all the three blood samples. RESULTS: The cut of levels for CRP at >19,689 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 92%, for IL-6 at >95.32 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 54%, specificity of 96%, for IL-8 at >70.86 pg/ml had a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 70%, for sCD163 at >896.78 ng/ml had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 88% for the diagnosis of infection before antibiotics. TNF-α levels of >12.6 ng/ml showed 100% sensitivity and 72% specificity for the diagnosis of inflammation. CONCLUSION: The most powerful predictor to differentiate between the non-infected and infected neonates before antibiotics was sCD163. The most powerful indicator for evaluation of prognosis is IL-6. sCD163 can be used alone to screen for sepsis in neonates before the results of blood culture are received
Can soluble CD163 predict outcome of patients with acute respiratory distress from mechanical ventilation?: A pilot study
No full textPrediction of outcome and prognosis of patients on mechanical ventilation using body mass index, SOFA score, C-Reactive protein, and serum albumin
No full textContext: Body mass index (BMI), serum albumin, and C-reactive protein
(CRP) appear to be major determinants of hospitalization. Aim: To
determine the predictive ability of BMI, Sequential Organ Failure
Assessment (SOFA score), serum albumin, and CRP to assess the duration
and outcome of mechanical ventilation (MV). Materials and Methods:
Thirty patients aged >18 years who required mechanical ventilation
(MV) were enrolled for the study. They were divided into two groups;
patients who improved (Group 1), patients who expired (Group 2). Group
1 was further divided into two groups: patients on MV for <5 days
(Group A), and patients on MV for >5days (Group B). BMI and SOFA
score were calculated, and serum albumin and CRP were estimated.
Results and Discussion: Out of the 30 patients, 18 patients
successfully improved after MV (Group 1) and 12 patients expired (Group
2). Among the 18 patients in group 1, ten patients improved within 5
days (Group A) and 8 patients after 5 days (Group B). SOFA score and
CRP were significantly increased (P value 0.0003 and 0.0001,
respectively) in group 2 when compared to group 1. CRP >24.2 mg/L or
SOFA score >7 at the start of MV increases the probability of
mortality by factor 13.08 or 3.92, respectively The above parameters
did not show any statistical difference when group A was compared to
group B. Conclusion: Simple, economic and easily accessible markers
like CRP and assessment tools of critically ill patients with SOFA
score are important determinants of possible outcomes of a patient from
MV
Comparative Assessment of Cytokines and Other Inflammatory Markers for the Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis–A Case Control Study
No full textInflammation, muscle health and aging: Calf circumference as a cost-effective diagnostic indicator of Sarcopenia
No full textBackground: This study aims to investigate the levels of interleukin6(IL6), interleukin 10(IL10), the IL6:IL10 ratio, and various anthropometric measurements in different stages of sarcopenia among older individuals. Methodology: Conducted as a one-year cross-sectional study using purposive sampling, involving individuals aged 58–85 years, screened for sarcopenia based on the AWGS-2019 criteria. Case-finding methods included the SARCCalF questionnaire, handgrip strength(HGS), and chair-stand tests(CST). Anthropometric measurementswere recorded for all participants, allowing for the calculation of body mass index(BMI), waist-to-hip ratio(WHR), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index(ASMI). Additionally, IL6 and IL10levels were estimated using Sandwich-ELISA. Results: Among the 130participants, 33 were free from sarcopenia, 35 exhibited pre-sarcopenia, 29 had sarcopenia, and 33 presented severe-sarcopenia. A majority (63 %) of the participants were male, and a substantial portion (77 %) had both diabetes and sarcopenia. The study's findings revealed that the SARCCalF questionnaire demonstrated a lower mean score in the non-sarcopenia group, with an increasing trend from pre-sarcopenia to severe-sarcopenia groups. HGS, CST results, and ASMI exhibited a reverse trend. Post-Hoc Tukey's tests revealed that IL6, IL10, IL6:IL10, and Calf Circumference(CC) exhibited significant differences between the study groups. Furthermore, ROC analysis demonstrated that IL6, IL10, IL6:IL10, and CC possessed an AUC ranging between 0.7 and 0.9, showcasing good sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between non-sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia. Conclusion: This study highlights the utility of IL6, IL10, IL6:IL10, and CC in the early identification of pre-sarcopenia among older individuals, offering valuable insights for clinicians to intervene promptly and enhance their quality of life
REMOVED: Collective Osmotic Shock; A Novel Method for Polymeric Membrane Generations
No full textThis article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy).This article has been removed at the request of the Executive Publisher.This article has been removed because it was published without the permission of the author(s)
