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    PANDANGAN HAKIM TERHADAP KEADAAN MEMAKSA

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    AbstrakKeadaan Memaksa dalam hukum pidana dikenal dengan sebutan overmacht sedangkan keadaan memaksa dalam ruang lingkup hukum perdata dikenal dengan sebutan force majeure. Anggapan yang menyatakan bahwa sumber hukum satu-satunya adalah undang-undang dan di luar undang-undang tiada hukum, ternyata pada saat sekarang telah ditinggalkan orang. Hakim dapat membuat peraturan sendiri dengan jalan menemukan norma-norma hukum yang baru, ataupun dengan melakukan penafsiran hukum yang berhubungan dengan kasus yang diadilinya.</jats:p

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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