1,720,983 research outputs found
Introducing ISCET - The International Society for Clinical Eye Tracking
Get PDFThe International Society for Clinical Eye Tracking (ISCET) serves as a global platform for promoting international consensus on open standards in the application of eye tracking to clinical areas of focus. Formed in March 2023, ISCET facilitates collaboration, knowledge exchange, and advancements in clinical eye-tracking applications, with the goal of fostering interdisciplinary research and improving clinical outcomes. Through collaborative and interdisciplinary efforts, ISCET aims to provide guidance on conducting eye-tracking tasks in clinical settings, unify clinicians’ voices, and maintain reference datasets for normative comparisons. Convening during its latest meeting for the Europe/Africa region on January 24, 2024, ISCET established subcommittees to address specific needs. This paper outlines the rationale behind ISCET’s formation, its mission, objectives, ongoing initiatives, and organizational structure. Ongoing work focuses on surveying current international clinical eye tracker usage to inform standards development
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A Functional Usability Analysis of Appearance-Based Gaze Tracking for Accessibility
Get PDFAppearance-based gaze tracking algorithms, which compute gaze direction from user face images, are an attractive alternative to infrared-based external devices. Their accuracy has greatly benefited by using powerful machine-learning techniques. The performance of appearance-based algorithms is normally evaluated on standard benchmarks typically involving users fixating at points on the screen. However, these metrics do not easily translate into functional usability characteristics. In this work, we evaluate a state-of-the-art algorithm, FAZE, in a number of tasks of interest to the human-computer interaction community. Specifically, we study how gaze measured by FAZE could be used for dwell-based selection and reading progression (line identification and progression along a line) - key functionalities for users facing motor and visual impairments. We compared the gaze data quality from 7 participants using FAZE against that from an infrared tracker (Tobii Pro Spark). Our analysis highlights the usability of appearance-based gaze tracking for such applications
Predictive Modelling of Cognitive Workload in VR: An Eye-Tracking Approach
Get PDFCognitive training can boost and sharpen the brain’s abilities to remember, focus, and switch between different tasks. One of the key elements of cognitive training is cognitive load. It allows a manipulation of the intensity of the intervention to suit the participant’s ability level and keep the session enjoyable, i.e. neither too frustrating/hard nor too boring/easy). However, measuring cognitive workload in an objective way is still under-researched and difficult. Here, we have developed a novel sustained attention Virtual Reality (VR) task, using Unity, that aims to predict load in a controlled manner. We demonstrate promising results in that machine learning algorithms can identify perceived as well as objective difficulty of the game accurately, using a combination of eye-tracking and physiological data obtained directly within the VR environment
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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Reading with Screen Magnification: Eye Movement Analysis Using Compensated Gaze Tracks
Get PDFEye movements while reading with screen magnification (which requires manual scrolling to center the magnified portion of the screen within the viewport) pose interpretation challenges. Standard representations in terms of alternating fixations and saccades don't apply to this case. This is because, during scrolling, eyes often track a moving text element, generating a movement akin to smooth pursuit. We propose a new representation that uses information from the mouse (which the reader uses to move the center of magnification) to undo the effect of magnification and scrolling. After this "compensation" operation, gaze tracks can again be described as alternating fixations and saccades. We present an analysis of gaze tracks obtained by applying this transformation on an existing dataset, recorded from low vision readers using two modalities of screen magnification. This analysis highlights similarities and differences in terms of dynamic properties of compensated gaze tracks vis-à-vis gaze during regular reading
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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