112,709 research outputs found
Regulation of fructan metabolism in barley leaves
No full textFructans, the polymers of fructose (Fru), are major non-structural storage carbohydrates in the vegetative tissues of many higher plants including temperate forage grasses and cereals, as well as major crop plants such as wheat and barley. Fructans play an important role in assimilate partitioning, plant development, environmental stress tolerance etc. Fructans also have a vast application potential in nutrition and medicine. The main focus of this dissertation is the fructan biosynthetic pathway in barley leaves. Its major aspects are the identification of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST) as a pacemaker enzyme, regulation of the promoter of sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) - one of the main fructosyltransferases (FTs) and the role of vacuolar invertases during fructan metabolism.
Excised barley leaves exposed to continuous light accumulate large amounts of fructans containing β(2-6) linkages with β(2-1) branches, the so-called graminans. The pathway for graminan biosynthesis has not been well characterised, but it has been proposed that the successive action of two main enzymes, 1-SST and 6-SFT is involved (1-SST/6-SFT model). To demonstrate the validity of this model, excised leaves were subjected to a light-dark regime known to sequentially induce fructan accumulation and mobilization. The pattern of accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, the level of 1-SST and 6-SFT activities, and the expression of the corresponding genes, all indicate that the diversion of sucrose (Suc) into the pathway fructan synthesis is initiated by 1-SST induction. The stability of transcripts and enzyme activities of 1-SST and 6-SFT were compared, using appropriate inhibitors. The transcripts of 1-SST and enzymatic activity are subject to a rapid turnover and respond more quickly than 6-SFT. The much higher responsiveness of 1-SST to regulatory processes clearly indicates that it plays the role of the pacemaker enzyme of fructan synthesis in barley leaves.
Plants regulate fructan synthesis in response to several internal and external stimuli primarily through the modulation of gene expression of FTs. Little is known about signal perception and transduction events that control the expression of FT genes. The regulatory sequences of FT genes are valuable tools to decipher the underlying signaling events. Using PCR-based genome walking procedures, the promoter of 6-SFT gene corresponding to 1.6 kb of the upstream region of the coding sequence, was cloned. The promoter activity of the cloned sequence was investigated in transient assays by fusing it to a reporter gene [uidA encoding β-glucuronidase, (GUS)] and by microprojectile bombardment of excised barley leaves. Strong expression of the GUS gene was observed in leaves induced for fructan biosynthesis by Suc and light, indicating that the cloned sequence contains the necessary cis acting elements conferring Suc and light induction of 6-SFT transcription.
Arabidopsis thaliana has been extensively used to study the sugar induced signal transduction pathways in plants. In order to investigate the signaling events involved in the activation of the 6-SFT promoter, stably transformed Arabidopsis plants harboring the 6-SFT promoter driving the expression of the GUS reporter gene, were obtained. Though Arabidopsis is a non-fructan producing plant, the sugar-regulated activation of the barley 6-SFT promoter is maintained in Arabidopsis. The inhibitors of protein phosphatases and protein kinases, and a chelator of calcium, known to block Suc induction of 6-SFT gene expression in wheat, were effective in Arabidopsis too, suggesting that this signal transmission process seems to be conserved between cereals and Arabidopsis. These transgenic plants are valuable to study the activity of the barley 6-SFT promoter further and identify the transcription factors that interact with the key promoter elements.
Invertases play a central role in the metabolism of Suc, the main product of photosynthesis and substrate for the synthesis of the fructans. Soluble acid invertase (SAI) isoforms are present in the vacuoles and are believed to be the ancestors of fructosyltransferases FTs. No SAI sequences are available from barley yet. In the present work, a soluble acid invertase cDNA was cloned from barley (HvSAI) and functionally characterized by heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. Furthermore, the expression of HvSAI gene was studied in excised leaves and roots. The recombinant HvSAI cleaves Suc efficiently, but despite very high amino acid sequence similarity to FTs, is devoid of FT or fructan hydrolase like side activities. Compared to the FTs, the activity of the recombinant HvSAI is relatively easily saturable (Km of 13.5 mM for Suc) and possesses a higher temperature optimum (10°C more that 1-SST). The mRNA levels of HvSAI are constitutive and not affected much by enhanced sugar levels in excised leaves and roots, by Suc supply or continuous illumination of cut leaves. The cloning of SAIs will help to investigate their role in the regulation of fructan metabolism and decipher the structure-function relationship between SAI and FTs
author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 – Supplemental material for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct
No full textSupplemental material, author-bios-SRD-19-0063.R1 for The Network Structure of Police Misconduct by George Wood, Daria Roithmayr and Andrew V. Papachristos in Socius</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Flagellar Assembly: down-regulated genes compared to the SUC transcriptome.
No full textFlagellar Assembly: down-regulated genes compared to the SUC transcriptome.</p
PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND CELLULAR-DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANTI-HIV COMPOUND SUCCINYLATED HUMAN SERUM-ALBUMIN (SUC-HSA) IN-VIVO AND IN THE ISOLATED-PERFUSED RAT-LIVER
No full textAfter intravenous injection of a low dose (25 mug/kg) in rats, the anti HIV-1 compound succinylated human serum albumin (Suc-HSA) is taken up mainly in the liver and spleen and is proteolytically degraded. Ten minutes after injection of I-125-Suc-HSA, 72 and 14% of the dose were found in the liver and spleen, respectively. With immunohistochemistry we demonstrated that in both organs, Suc-HSA was specifically endocytosed in endothelial cells. In the isolated perfused rat liver preparation, liver uptake was shown to be saturable, with a K(m) of 2.9 10(-8) M and a V(max) of 2.4 mug/min/100 g body weight. The apparent K(m) and V(max) in vivo were 2.2 10(-7) M and 10.3 mug/min/100 g, respectively. Uptake in liver and spleen was inhibited by preadministration of an excess of formaldehyde-treated albumin and with polyinosinic acid, indicating the involvement of the scavenger receptor, as anticipated for such polyanionic compounds. Suc-HSA is not absorbed intact from the colon and the ileum. After injecting (i.v.) rats with a high dose of Suc-HSA (10 mg/kg), the elimination t1/2 was 3 hr, and therefore, sustained plasma levels above the concentration needed for in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity can be achieved
PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSIS AND CELLULAR-DISTRIBUTION OF THE ANTI-HIV COMPOUND SUCCINYLATED HUMAN SERUM-ALBUMIN (SUC-HSA) IN-VIVO AND IN THE ISOLATED-PERFUSED RAT-LIVER
No full textAfter intravenous injection of a low dose (25 mug/kg) in rats, the anti HIV-1 compound succinylated human serum albumin (Suc-HSA) is taken up mainly in the liver and spleen and is proteolytically degraded. Ten minutes after injection of I-125-Suc-HSA, 72 and 14% of the dose were found in the liver and spleen, respectively. With immunohistochemistry we demonstrated that in both organs, Suc-HSA was specifically endocytosed in endothelial cells. In the isolated perfused rat liver preparation, liver uptake was shown to be saturable, with a K(m) of 2.9 10(-8) M and a V(max) of 2.4 mug/min/100 g body weight. The apparent K(m) and V(max) in vivo were 2.2 10(-7) M and 10.3 mug/min/100 g, respectively. Uptake in liver and spleen was inhibited by preadministration of an excess of formaldehyde-treated albumin and with polyinosinic acid, indicating the involvement of the scavenger receptor, as anticipated for such polyanionic compounds. Suc-HSA is not absorbed intact from the colon and the ileum. After injecting (i.v.) rats with a high dose of Suc-HSA (10 mg/kg), the elimination t1/2 was 3 hr, and therefore, sustained plasma levels above the concentration needed for in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity can be achieved.</p
Využití sociálních médií v B2B prodeji
No full textTato diplomová práce se zabývá tím, jak mohou B2B obchodníci využívat sociální média v prodeji. Na základě systematické rešerše literatury, autor zjistil, že akademici, zkoumající danou problematiku, navrhují další výzkum, a to: v kterých konkrétních krocích se dají využít sociální média v prodeji (Salo, 2017). Autor se na základě toho rozhodl zjistit, jaké sociální sítě, různé technologie a pluginy se dají využít v B2B prodeji - tzv. social sellingu. Social selling se v této práci týká primárně procesu akvizice a okrajově péčí o stávající zákazníky. Autor si vybral kvalitativní průzkum pomocí 10 hloubkových polo-strukturovaných rozhovorů, aby odhalil jak, která sociální média to jsou, tak i motivaci prodejců, proč tato média používat/nepoužívat. Aby autor dodržel správnost vyhodnocení výsledků, data byla analyzována pomocí Tématické analýzy, která v této studii vykrystalizovala 2 hlavní strategické přístupy v social sellingu. Tyto přístupy (tzv. Push a Pull strategie) obsahují praktické příklady a konkrétní aktivity, které mohou prodejci využívat v každodenní praxi. Tyto výsledky jsou prezentovány s důrazem na praktičnost a jednoduchost implementace. Tvoří proto hlavní přínos autorovo výzkumu. V poslední části autor zmiňuje výzvy a manažerská doporučení, které mohou obchodníci využít v každodenním pracovním životě.This diploma thesis focuses on social media usage in B2B sales. Based on the systematic literature review conducted by the author, he has found out that recent researchers (Salo, 2017) suggest further research in the area of how and in which sales phase should various social networking sites, technologies and plugins used. To further fill this research gap, author decided to identify these social media and their usage among B2B salespeople in the so-called social selling process. The social selling process in this thesis applies mainly to acquiring new prospects and tangentially to taking care of existing clients (follow-up step). Author has chosen a qualitative research method via conducting 10 in-depth semi-structured interviews to reveal these instruments as well as motivation of a sales person on why to use social media in the selling process. The collected data was analyzed using Thematic analysis to ensure the right procedure and to identify main themes which crystalized into 2 main strategic approaches in social selling. These approaches (Push and Pull) include practical examples of concrete activities which sales people can use in their daily jobs and are presented with focus on practicality and ease of implementation. These also form the main contribution of author`s research. In the last part, author mentions challenges in social selling and recommended managerial implications for salesforce
TeX v jednoduchém unixovém prostředí
No full textsummary:Při ladění TeXového dokumentu potřebujeme mnohokrát opakovaně pouštět TeX, podívat se, jak dopadl výsledek v prohlížeči DVI nebo PDF souboru, mrknout na výpis TeXu na terminálu, podívat se případně do logu a celou činnost opakovat. V tomto článku je ukázáno, jak tuto práci dělá autor článku. Proces "editor-TeX-kuk" je zde podporován jednoduchými unixovými nástroji: bashovým skriptem texloop, který si autor pro tyto účely vytvořil, dále terminálem Xterm a jednoduchým editorem, který umí navázat na klávesovou zkratku spuštění příkazu v systému. Čtenář se zde může inspirovat a přizpůsobit tyto nástroje svým vlastním potřebám. V článku je popsána funkce skriptu texloop, dále je neformálně rozveden dlouholetý vývoj autorova vztahu k textovým editorům a konečně je zde uvedena konfigurace terminálu Xterm, aby vyhovoval českému prostředí jak v kódování ISO-8859-2, tak v kódování UTF-8. Pro kódování UTF-8 si v závěru článku vygenerujeme TeXový formát csplain.summary:By debugging a TeX document it is necessary many times repeatedly to run TeX, to look for the result in DVI or PDF file, to gander the TeX output on the terminal, or eventually to have a look in the log-file, and all that action to repeat. In the paper it is show, how this work is made by author. The process '‘'editor-TeX-look' is supported by simple Unix tools: bash script texloop, created by author for these purposes, Xterm terminal and a simple editor, which is able to link to the shortcut key the activation of a system command. The reader could be inspired with the solution and to adapt these tools to his/her own needs. In the paper the function of the texloop script is described, and further the longstanding evolution of the author's relation to text editors is informal elaborated and finally a configuration of Xterm terminal, suitable for the czech environment with both ISO-8859-2 and UTF-8 encoding is introduced. For UTF-8 encoding the TeX format csplain is generated at the end of the paper
Analýza perspektivy vedoucích prodeje na řízení pojišťovacích agentů v etnicky různorodých zastoupeních v Organizaci G, Malajsie.
No full textCílem této práce je odhalit klíčové faktory a výzvy spojené s řízením etnicky různorodého pojišťovacího zastoupení v oboru životního pojištění v Malajsii. Autor si klade za cíl zkoumat pohled vedoucích prodeje v Organizaci G v Malajsii na jejich způsob řízení agentů. Kombinované kvantitativní a kvalitativní metody budou použity prostřednictvím průzkumu a rozhovorů se 79 agenty a 12 vedoucími prodeje. Odpovědi budou analyzovány za účelem porozumění výzvám, kterým čelí vedoucí prodeje při řízení etnicky různorodého zastoupení, a zkoumat potenciální řešení. Autor navrhuje iniciativy a metody k posílení stylů vedení a zlepšení procesů pro udržení úspěšného zastoupení v kontextu etnické rozmanitosti.The goal of this thesis is to uncover the key factors and challenges in managing an ethnically diverse insurance agency in Malaysia's life insurance industry. The author aims to examine the sales managers' perspective in Organisation G, Malaysia, regarding their expression of managing their agents. Quantitative and qualitative methods will be employed through surveys and interviews among 79 agents and 12 sales managers. The responses will be analysed to understand the challenges sales managers face in managing a multi-ethnic agency and explore potential solutions. The author proposes initiatives and methods to enhance leadership styles and improve the processes for maintaining a successful agency in the context of multi-ethnicity
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