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Archibald Henry Sayce (1845–1933) and the Transition from 19th-Century Comparative Philology to 20th-Century General Linguistics
No full textIn language study in the West, the nineteenth century was dominated by comparative philology, and the past century by general linguistics. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, linguists introduced ideas inconsistent with traditional comparative philology that foreshadowed general linguistics. While Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) is recognized as a leading founder of general linguistics, other linguists also moved the discipline in this direction. We focus on Archibald Henry Sayce’s (1845–1933) Principles of Comparative Philology (1893) because it anticipated general linguistics, and because the book and its author have been overlooked despite their relevance to the history of linguistics. However, as the author of several works on the languages, literatures, and religions of the Ancient Near East, Sayce was regarded as one of the most erudite scholars of his time. As an example of Sayce’s innovative contribution, we examine his theoretical and methodological principles, including the need for inductive generalizations based on large samples of data, the value of lesser-known languages as a window onto fundamental principles of language, and the status of linguistics vis-à-vis emerging fields of related study. Sayce’s treatment of examples from non-Indo-European languages reflects a tension between comparative philology as it was practiced in the late nineteenth century and twentieth-century comparative and typological linguistics. On the one hand, the principles mentioned above are indicative of the uniformitarian principle, the emphasis on inductive generalizations in American structuralism, and the avoidance of various types of bias in modern typology. On the other hand, his reinterpretation of examples from the languages of North America, Southern Africa, and Tasmania as evidence of the lack of abstract and generic terms not only violated his methodological assumptions but was also consistent with the common nineteenth-century practice of treating words as an index of civilizational development
Unity in Diversity: Building the CIIS Community
No full textoai:digitalcommons.ciis.edu:founderssymposium-1000In this presentation the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) President Joseph L. Subbiondo discusses the principle of Unity-in-Diversity as the general founding rationale for CIIS, its particular relevance to community building at CIIS today, and in the context of an integral education that will lead to a harmonious world community
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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