73,842 research outputs found
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Get PDFThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
Operating Performance and Investment Expenditures Following Open Market Share Repurchases.
No full textThe impact of open market share repurchases on long-term stock abnormal stock returns: Evidence from an emerging market
No full textDr. Lin Sun, CAU, March 2013
No full textThis video is a conversation with Dr. Lin Sun. Dr. Sun talks about an exhibit at the Woodruff Library titled "At The Boundary." Jordan Moore, AUC Woodruff Library, is the interviewer
An Analysis of <i>Judge Lin</i>
No full textBiography of Lin Wen Zhong Gong has another way to call, that is Judge Lin. The leading character is Lin Ze-Xu. This book is based on functionary experience of Lin Ze-Xu, with the captivating plots of court case, helping by highly skilled military attach\uc3\ua9s and chivalrous knights, and the history facts of Opium War. It makes Lin Ze-Xu\ue2s Confucian temperament and tragic mood more, also contrasts with author\ue2s sorrow and furiousness for the politics at the time. History, court case, martial arts\ue2\ua6\ue2\ua6etc. are essence of this book and it broadens the way of this writing style.
The topic of the thesis is \ue2An Analysis of Judge Lin\ue2. The following thesis will be divided into six different chapters. The introduction is Chapter one of the thesis, which is including researching motive and purpose, literature review of predecessors, researching version by existing information, raising questions, choosing research methods and arranging chapters. In chapter Two, I discuss the study of characters of Lin Ze-Xu, also makes a deep analysis of author\u27s purpose of writing him. In chapter Three, I analyze supporting actors and actress. Meanwhile, I illustrate author\u27s purpose of writing supporting actress because the author had different manner to describe supporting actress. Moving to the Chapter Four, I mainly focus on the plots of Judge Lin, and organize cases of Lin Ze-Xu and his subordinates to understand features of cases. In Chapter Five, I represent the causes of Opium War. China and England had difference of opinions of opium. Therefore, it is easier to comprehend what the author\u27s purpose is. In the last chapter I summarize the main points of the preceding chapters and confirm particularity of Judge Lin
The Prevalence of Androgenetic Alopecia in Men in Taiwan and its Association with Smoking
No full text前言：
在不同種族，雄性禿的盛行率及嚴重度不同。但是，目前台灣欠缺男性雄性禿盛行率的資料。此外，回顧文獻，抽煙和雄性禿之間的關係仍無定論。
目的：
為估計台灣男性雄性禿之盛行率，以及釐清抽煙和雄性禿之間之相關性。
方法：
以743位32至91歲之男性民眾自主參加台南縣社區整合型疾病篩檢、以及758位20至64歲之基隆市男性警察人員參加職業整合型疾病篩檢者為對象，進行橫斷面研究，以整合型疾病篩檢為平台，蒐集雄性禿、抽煙、家族史、疾病史、及其他流行病學資料。以此分析雄性禿之盛行率、並以邏輯式迴歸模式分析抽煙與雄性禿之間的相關性。
結果：
台灣男性雄性禿的盛行率隨著年齡增加而上升，此發現與文獻回顧相同，但是和白種人相比，盛行率較低。而台南縣社區研究中，在調整年齡及雄性禿家族史兩個變項之後，抽煙和雄性禿之間呈現統計上顯著意義的正相關。
結論：
這是第一個針對台灣男性雄性禿盛行率、以群體為基礎的橫斷面研究。而且，抽煙和雄性禿之間有顯著之正相關存在。Background: Prevalence and types of androgenetic alopecia (AGA) are fraught with great variation and the association between smoking and AGA remains controversial.
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of AGA in Taiwanese men and to evaluate its association with smoking.
Methods: Two data from Community-based sample of men (n=743) aged 32 to 91 years and from occupation-based sample of the policemen (n=758) aged 20 to 64 years were available for analysis. All were interviewed in person and direct observations of AGA were made by the trained staffs using standardized classification for AGA. The association between smoking and AGA was assessed by using unconditional logistic regression.
Results: The prevalence of AGA in men in Taiwan increased with age, but was lower than that in Caucasians. After adjusting for age and family history of AGA, we found a significant positive association between smoking and AGA in the community-based program but not in occupation-based program. The relationships of family history of AGA or degrees of relationship to occurrence of AGA was demonstrated to be statistically significant.
Conclusions: This is the first population-based cross-sectional survey for the prevalence of AGA in Taiwanese men. Smoking is found to be positively associated with moderate or severer AGA.I. INTRODUCTION ...……………………………………………..….1
1.1 Clinical presentation and classification ...………….………..2
1.2 Pathophysiology ...…………………………………….………3
1.3 Associations with other conditions…………..…….…………5
1.4 Association with smoking…………..……..………….………6
II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...……………………………….………8
2.1 Prevalence …………………………………………….……….8
2.2 The association of smoking with AGA ……………………..11
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS …………………………………13
3.1 Target population and study population …………………..13
3.1.1 Occupation-based Program …………………………….13
3.1.2 Community-based Program ……………………………13
3.2 Study design and data collection …………………………...14
3.2.1 Exposure measurement ………………………………...14
3.2.2 Outcome measurement ………………………………...15
3.2.3 Measurement of potential confounders ………………..16
Statistical Analysis ………………………………………….…...18
IV RESULTS ……………………………………………………..…..21
4.1 Descriptive Findings ……………………………………..….21
4.2 Prevalence …………………………………………………....21
4.2.1 Occupation-based program …………………………….21
4.2.2 Community-based program …………………………....22
4.3 Association between smoking and moderate or severer AGA
(type IV or greater) ………………………….………...23
4.3.1 Occupation-based program ……………………………23
4.3.2 Community-based program ……………………………24
4.4 Early-onset AGA on AGA grades ………………………….25
4.5 Early-onset AGA and family history of AGA ……………..26
4.6 Family history of AGA by degrees of relationships ……….26
4.7 Family history of AGA by parental relationship ………….27
V DISCUSSION ……………………………………………………29
5.1 Prevalence ……………………………………………………29
5.2 Association between smoking and the risk of moderate or
severer AGA (type IV or greater) ………………………….30
5.3 Association between other variables and the risk of
moderate or severe AGA …………………….……………..32
5.4 Association between the age at onset and the severity of
AGA ………………………………………………………....33
5.5 Association between the family history and the risk of
moderate or severer AGA …………………...……………..34
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………37
TABLE LIST
Table 2.1 Summary of studies for prevalence of androgenetic alopecia
……………………………………………………………39
Table 2.2 Summary of studies for the association of smoking with AGA
……………………………………………………………43
Table 4.1.1 Demographic characteristics of the policemen in the
occupation-based program ………………………………46
Table 4.1.2 Demographic characteristics of the participants in the
community-based program …………………...…………47
Table 4.2.1 Age-specific number and percentage of different AGA
types in the occupation-based program ………………….48
Table 4.2.2 Age-specific number and percentage of Norwood types A
variants in the occupation-based program …………...….49
Table 4.2.3 Age-specific number and percentage of ‘female pattern’
AGA types rated by Ludwig classification in the occupation-based program ……………………...……….50
Table 4.2.4 Age-specific number and percentage of different AGA
types in the community-based program …………………51
Table 4.2.5 Age-specific number and percentage of Norwood types A
variants in the community-based program ………………52
Table 4.2.6 Age-specific number and percentage of ‘female pattern’
AGA types rated by Ludwig classification in the community-based program ……………...………………53
Table 4.3.1 Univariate analysis in the occupation-based program ……54
Table 4.3.2 Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and family history in
the occupation-based program ………………...………...56
Table 4.3.3 Univariate analysis in the community-based program …...58
Table 4.3.4 Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and family history in
the community-based program ………………………….60
Table 4.3.5 Multivariate model for variables in the community-based
Program …………………………………………………62
Table 4.4.1 Proportional odds model reveals positive association
between early onset of AGA and grade of AGA after
adjusting for age and family history in the
occupation-based program ……………………...……….63
Table 4.4.2 Proportional odds model reveals positive association
between early onset of AGA and grade of AGA after adjusting for age and family history in the community-based program ……………………..…….….64
Table 4.5.1 The association between early onset of AGA and family
history of AGA by univariate logistic regression in the occupation-based program ………………………...….…65
Table 4.5.2 The association between early onset of AGA and family
history of AGA by univariate logistic regression in the community-based program …………………...…………66
Table 4.6.1 The association between family history in different degrees
of relatives and moderate or severer AGA after adjusting for age in the occupation-based program ………………..67
Table 4.6.2 The association between family history in different degrees
of relatives and moderate or severer AGA after adjusting for age in the community-based program ……………….68
Table 4.7.1 The association between moderate or severer AGA and
parental family history of AGA after adjusting for age in the occupation-based program ……………..……………69
Table 4.7.2 The association between moderate or severer AGA and
parental family history of AGA after adjusting for age in the community-based program ………………….………70
Figure 1.1.1 Norwood classification of AGA ………………………...71
Figure 1.1.2 Ludwig classification of ‘female pattern’ AGA ………...73
Figure 1.2.1. Pathogenic mechanisms in AGA …………………….…74
Figure 2.1 Prevalence of Androgenetic Alopecia in Eight Studies ...…75
Figure 4.2.1 Age-specific prevalence of AGA in the
occupation-based program …………………….……76
Figure 4.2.2 Prevalence of AGA in previous and our studies ………...77
Figure 4.2.3 Age-specific prevalence of AGA in the
community-based program …………………………78
Figure 4.4.1 Cumulative logits model in the occupation-based
program……………………………………………...79
Figure 4.4.2 Cumulative logits model in the community-based
program ……………………………………………..8
Supplemental Material - Tang poetry and tourism: Cultural effects after 1000 years
No full textSupplemental Material for Tang poetry and tourism: Cultural effects after 1000 years by Hung Wan Kot, Ming-Hsiang Chen, Ching-Hui (Joan) Su and Yu-Xia Lin in Tourism Economics</p
Noise of CCD reduction based on three-D noise model
No full text
This paper proposed proper noise reduction methods for the two different noises (i.e. temporal noise and special noise) based on the 3-D noise model of scientific-grade CCD. Noise reduction calculations have been made with these methods. The results show that these methods are effective for the reduction of temporal noise and spatial noise. The experimental data have verified the effectiveness of these methods for scientific-grade CCD.</p
應用orem自我照顧理論照顧一位接受皮瓣移植手術患者之經驗
No full text手術會造成病人不同程度焦慮或害怕，在麻醉及手術過程中，病人將部份或全部暫時 失去自我照顧能力，極需手術室護理人員完全或部份接掌其自我照顧的能力，使其順 利渡過手術期。本研究為應用Orem的自我照顧理論，以手術全期護理照顧一位35歲男 性，診斷為左側下頷骨造釉細胞瘤，接受皮瓣移植術病人的經驗。研究者為手術室護 理師，於個案手術期間，採觀察會談方式，擔任手術時的巡迴護士，直接參與個案之 手術全期護理。包括：手術前，個案訪視予護理評估，協助準備接受手術；手術中， 掌握手術之進行；及手術後，教導個案學習自我照顧的能力，克服疾病帶來的影響。 研究結果發現：在手術前、後過程中，個案自我照顧缺失，如：手術前個案對於手術 相關資訊處於未知的狀態、麻醉中自我照顧能力的喪失及手術後活動能力的受限等。 尤其對正處於青年期的個案，疾病帶給他不只是身、心方面的影響，對於他的事業及 人生計劃都有很大的衝擊。手術室護理人員，應主動瞭解病人的護理需求，使病人及 家屬能經由協助，緩解面對手術時的威脅
WH-INDEFINITES IN CHINESE AND THEIR STATUS
No full textWh-indefinites in Chinese have received great attention and discussion in the literature. This thesis investigates the status of Chinese wh-indefinites and their behaviors in the so-called donkey sentence. A typical example of wh-indefinite will be like the following:
(4) Ta bu xiang zai shuo shenme le
he not want again say what LE
\ue2He does not want to say anything again.\ue2
\ue4\ubb\ue4\ub8\ue6\ub3\ue5\ue8\uaa\uaa\ue4\ubb\ue9\uba\ubc\ue4\uba\ue3
In this thesis, accounts of wh-indefinites as variables, polarity items and quantifiers from Huang (1982), Li (1992), Cheng (1991, 1994) and Lin (1996, 1998) are provided and this thesis discusses the problems each account presents. Countering Li\ue2s (1992) work, this work argue that wh-indefinite like zenmeyang \ue2how\ue2 and weishenme \ue2why\ue2 cannot be directly treated as variables since they feature variables only if they appear after an auxiliary (under which situation they will express purpose or method) in a donkey sentence according to Tsai (1999, 2000), see the following examples:
(5) a. Akiu hui wei (le) shenme cizhi wo jiu hui wei (le) shenme cizhi\ue3
Akiu will for LE what resign I then will for LE what resign
\ue2If Akiu will resign for the purpose x, I will then also resign for the purpose x.\ue2
\ue9\ubfQ\ue6\ue7\uba\uef\ubc\ue4\uba\uef\ubc\ue4\ubb\ue9\uba\ubc\ue8\ube\uad\ue8\ub7\uef\ubc\ue6\ue5\ub0\ub1\ue6\ue7\uba\uef\ubc\ue4\uba\uef\ubc\ue4\ubb\ue9\uba\ubc\ue8\ube\uad\ue8\ub7\ue3
b. *Akiu wei (le) shenme hui cizhi wo jiu wei (le) shenme hui cizhi
Akiu for LE what will resign I then will LE what will resign
Intended \ue2If Akiu will resign because of the reason x, I will then also resign because of the reason x.
*\ue9\ubfQ\ue7\uba\ue4\uba\ue4\ubb\ue9\uba\ubc\ue6\ue8\ube\uad\ue8\ub7\uef\ubc\ue6\ue5\ub0\ub1\ue7\uba\ue4\uba\ue4\ubb\ue9\uba\ubc\ue6\ue8\ube\uad\ue8\ub7\ue3
(Tsai\ue2s 2000, 15 glossed and translated by the author)
Avoiding treating wh-indefinites as variables, we may treat them as quantifiers according to Huang\ue2s observation. But Huang\ue2s (1982) quantifier account of wh-indefinites is also rejected because I observe that wh-indefinites do not exhibit island sensitivity. Then we are led to another treatment: treating wh-indefinites as polarity items because they are sensitive to polarity environment. Aside from the sensitivity to polarity environment, Lin\ue2s (1996) work argues that wh-indefinites are licensed as polarity items if the sentence is subject to NEEC- non-entailment of existence condition. NEEC tells us that if (part of) a sentence does not have the existential import of object; wh-words can be licensed as wh-indefinites. This faces challenge because there are cases presupposing existential import yet the wh-indefinite is licensed.
In chapter 3, two types of donkey sentences are identified in Cheng and Huang\ue2s (1996) work and are accounted with different approaches-Unselective Binding and E-type analysis. Though accepting their viewpoint generally, Lin (1996) makes a distinction between one-case and multi-case reading and opens the possibility of universal interpretation in ruguo-conditionals. Later I introduce Indirect binding approach to account both types of donkey sentences. Indirect Binding argues that some quantified expression plays the role as associating the indefinite with the anaphoric element in donkey sentences:
(6) [Everyone who ti keeps a dogj]i like itj.
The example here captures the very basic idea of Indirect Binding: the chunk of expression, which has the indefinite a dog in its scope, c-commands the pronoun it and hence relates it to the indefinite. I extend it to the analysis of Chinese donkey sentences and discover that although Indirect Binding does not target at a particular status, the condition that the indirect binder must c-command the indefinite seems to suggest that c-commanding is the way of licensing a wh-indefinite, which echoes Li\ue2s and Cheng\ue2s analyses.
In Chapter 4, I introduce wh-indefinites in Japanese and Korean respectively and conclude that quantificational force comes from the environment but not from wh-indefinites themselves, countering Huang (1982). Finally, I suggest that licensing a wh-word as a wh-indefinite is through being c-commanded by the relevant operators. It is so because of Li\ue2s and Cheng\ue2s observation of wh-indefinites licensing and also of a condition in Indirect Binding that indirect binders must c-command the indefinite in order to have it as in its scope, as I have mentioned. This thesis then provides a viewpoint that perhaps, wh-indefinites can be treated uniformly as polarity items considering that Indirect Binding approach explains their behavior in donkey sentences. This thesis also opens the door for analyzing wh-indefinites in donkey sentences under Indirect Binding in other languages.
Keywords\uef\ubc Wh-indefinite, polarity item, variable, quantifier, donkey phenomenon, Indirect Bindin
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