1,720,968 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Veränderungen von Lernen und Entscheidungsfindung bei Abhängigkeit und Psychose
Get PDFAlterations in information processing (learning and decision making) play a role in the development of addiction and psychosis. In addiction, based on preliminary work, the following are postulated: (1) an increased reward response to substance-related stimuli, (2) a reduced reward response to non-substance-related rewards (such as food), (3) reduced cognitive control over reward processes, and (4) a reduced response to confrontation with the negative consequences of substance use. In psychosis, an altered weighting of prior beliefs and new information is postulated, drawing on concepts from Bayesian statistics. The exact nature of these alterations appears to vary depending on the clinical stage and the type of prior belief, and the evidence available to date is inconclusive. In both disorders, the described alterations in information processing are associated with specific pathologies of the dopamine system. In addiction, the role of dopamine in reward processes (which are altered in favor of the substance) is particularly important, while in psychosis, the function of dopamine as a learning signal appears to be disrupted.
In our own work on addiction, we were able to show that the dopaminergic reward system of smokers reacts more strongly to substance-related stimuli and less strongly to alternative reward stimuli, and that it is more strongly activated in heavily drinking individuals when they make decisions to consume alcoholic beverages. Furthermore, we were able to show that the reactivity to threatening depictions of physical consequences of smoking does not differ significantly between smokers and non-smokers, but that in smokers, the preceding presentation of these depictions evokes control processes during the subsequent presentation of substance-related stimuli. Finally, and contrary to our initial hypothesis and some preliminary findings, we found no reduced activity in areas associated with cognitive control during the regulation of craving in smokers and during decisions to consume alcohol as the drinking severity increased in subjects with abusive alcohol consumption. In individuals with a higher (subclinical) psychosis proneness, we found a relative predominance of new information (a reduced influence of prior beliefs) in perceptual, but not in probabilistic decision making. Furthermore, we found an increased influence of prior beliefs regarding socially significant stimuli (faces and direct eye contact). Finally, we found an altered learning from new information in the sense of reduced suppression of unlikely / surprising information related to higher psychosis proneness.
A limitation of the presented work is the small sample size. Furthermore, the results, especially of the studies on psychosis, were partly contradictory, even when taking into account previous work, with regard to the influence of prior beliefs in different tasks. Thus, the hope that the diversity of psychotic symptoms can be traced back to a few core pathologies does not seem to be fulfilled and more complex models have to be developed.
Despite these limitations, the works represent important building blocks for the important endeavor of developing a common cognitive-neurobiological understanding of psychiatric disorders. The decisive validation step for the tests and markers derived from the theories (both neurophysiological fMRI markers and markers from computational modelling of behavior) is their translation into clinical practice. Future studies will have to show whether these markers are suitable for predicting diagnosis, prognosis and response to specific therapies, and thus for making a real improvement to the lives of the affected patients
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Goal-oriented decision making in regular alcohol consumption
No full textIn sogenannten Zwei-System-Theorien wird die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung
von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen als Resultat einer veränderten Balance zwischen
einem (überaktiven) Belohungssystem und einem (dysfunktionalen) Kontrollsystem
verstanden. In der vorliegenden Publikationspromotion wurde die Beteiligung
beider Systeme an Entscheidungen für Alkoholkonsum, an der Entstehung von
Suchtdruck und kognitiver Kontrollfähigkeit sowie an der Wirksamkeit eines
neuartigen suchtdruckreduzierenden Therapieansatzes, des Cognitive Bias
Modification Trainings (CBM), untersucht. Hierfür kam funktionelle und
strukturelle Magnetresonanztomographie zum Einsatz. Es fand sich ein
überaktives Belohnungssystem im Zusammenhang mit Entscheidungen für den
Alkoholkonsum, sowie im Zusammenhang mit subjektivem Suchtdruck. Diese
Überaktivierung konnte durch CBM erfolgreich reduziert werden. Eine reduzierte
kognitive Kontrollfähigkeit war bei alkoholabhängigen Patienten mit einer
zunehmenden Atrophie inferiorer frontaler Hirnareale assoziiert. Die
präsentierten Arbeiten unterstreichen die Bedeutung eines überaktiven
Belohnungssystems für die Entstehung von Suchtdruck und suchttypischem
Entscheidungsverhalten und damit auch als potenzielle Zielpathologie für
innovative Therapiekonzepte.Dual system theories state an altered interaction between an (overactive)
reward and a (dysfunctional) control system in substance use disorders. In the
present work, the role of both systems is investigated regarding pro-alcohol
decisions, craving and cognitive control as well as the effect mechanism of
new craving-reducing treatment strategies (cognitive bias modification
training, CBM). To this end, functional and structural magnet resonance
imaging was used. We found an association between craving, decisions in favor
of alcohol and an hyperactivation of reward-associated circuits. This
hyperactivation was shown to be successfully reduced by cognitive bias
modification training. Growing atrophy of the inferior frontal gyrus was
related to increasing disinhibition in alcohol-dependent patients. Hence, the
results underscore the importance of an hyperactivated reward system for the
development of craving and addictive decision behavior. Targeting automatic
tendencies and associated hyperactivations of reward areas may therefore be a
promising direction for future therapies in alcohol use disorder
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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