1,135 research outputs found
Giovanni Apolone and Stuart Pocock - 6 May 2008
No full textIn this edition of Audio News, presented by Peter Goodwin, Giovanni Apolone (Mario Negri Institute, Milan) and Stuart Pocock, talk about:
Risks From Stopping Cancer Trials Early
A report from Annals of Oncology, April 9th, 2008
A new publication highlights the danger of stopping cancer clinical trials early following interim analysis before originally planned sample-sizes have been reached
How to interpret figures in reports of clinical trials
No full textA picture may be worth a thousand words but in medical research, caution Stuart Pocock, Thomas Travison, and Lisa Wruck, it is important to understand exactly what you are looking a
The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology [STROBE] statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies
No full textMuch biomedical research is observational. The reporting of such research is often inadequate, which hampers the assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and of a study's generalisability. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative developed recommendations on what should be included in an accurate and complete report of an observational study. We defined the scope of the recommendations to cover three main study designs: cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies. We convened a 2-day workshop in September, 2004, with methodologists, researchers, and journal editors to draft a che-cklist of items. This list was subsequently revised during several meetings of the coordinating group and in e-mail discussions with the larger group of STROBE contributors, taking into account empirical evidence and methodological considerations. The workshop and the subsequent iterative process of consultation and revision resulted in a checklist of 22 items (the STROBE statement) that relate to the title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections of articles. 18 items are common to all three study designs and four are specific for cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional studies. A detailed explanation and elaboration document is published separately and is freely available on the websites of PLoS Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, and Epidemiology. We hope that the STROBE statement will contribute to improving the quality of reporting of observational studies
Concepts and historical contexts in liberalism's intellectual debates: a study of John Stuart Mill's moral and political thought
No full textEsta tesis doctoral propone una interpretación sobre los escritos sociales y políticos de John Stuart Mill. Se sirve para ello de las propuestas teóricas desarrolladas por la denominada "New History of Political Thought," tal y como ha sido formulada en los trabajos de John Pocock y Quentin Skinner, entre otros, y la historia conceptual, cuyo representante más destacado es Reinhart Koselleck
Cryptothele collina Pocock 1901
No full textCryptothele collina Pocock, 1901 Fig. 1 Cryptothele collina Pocock, 1901: 498 (sex or stage not specified). Type material. Holotype ♀ (damaged) from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris: Ooty / Udhagamandalam (=Ootacamund) (11°24'N, 76°41'E; 2251 m alt.), date unknown, G.F. Hampson leg., repository NHM (no register number), examined based on photographs. Diagnosis. Females of C. collina are closely related to the females of Cryptothele alluaudi Simon, 1893 as the epigyne of both share broad, paired lateral plates and narrow median septum. However, it can be separated from the latter by anterior epigynal hood (vz. absent in C. alluaudi) and epigyne without lateral pockets (vz. present in C. alluaudi) (compare Fig. 1C with Marusik & Omelko 2012: fig. 4). Redescription. Female (holotype, Fig. 1A–B) in alcohol (after Pocock 1901): overall body with thick cover of mud and soil particles, except for mouth parts and epigyne (Fig. 1A–B). Prosoma high, with abruptly sloped thoracic part. Cephalic part with distinct, transversely oval pit behind PER. Thoracic part with sinuous margin (Fig. 1A). AMEs largest. Labium unfused with sternum (Fig. 1B). Sternum oval, with anterior concavity (Fig. 1B). Opisthosoma globular (Fig. 1A). Body length 10.00. Carapace 4.50 long. Epigyne (Fig. 1C): sclerotized, with anterior hood and broad, paired lateral plates having posterolateral horny lobes, with narrow heart-shaped median septum. Copulatory openings indistinct. Male. Unknown. Note. The NHM collection has a single female specimen (holotype) and the original description of this species was based on it (J. Beccaloni, pers. comm.) (Fig. 1). It lost its legs, except for the femur and patella of anterior right leg II (Fig. 1A–B). Details of vulva are unknown as we were not allowed to dissect and examine it. Comments. Pre-epigyne and pre-vulva in Cryptothele species: pre-epigynes and pre-vulvae are illustrated several times for many spider families (Bayer 2011). However, up to now, no information regarding pre-epigyne and pre-vulva in Zodariidae are available. Recently the first author had an opportunity to examine a few individuals of a Cryptothele species collected from the Kottayam district of the southern Indian state of Kerala (ADSH191) (Fig. 2). These specimens are subadult females that had developed some faintly sclerotized sculpturing in the genital area (Fig. 2E–F). The preepigyne and pre-vulva are clearly apparent in these specimens (Fig. 2E–F) and, compared to the epigynes of adult Cryptothele species, are structurally quite distinct. The pre-epigyne is weakly sclerotized, with a broad median septum and paired lateral circular atria (Figs 2E, 3A) (compare with Fig. 1C and also Koch 1872: fig. 2g; Workman 1896: fig. 77f; Kulczyński 1911: plate XXI, figs 30–32; Marusik & Omelko 2012: fig. 4). Copulatory openings indistinct as in the case of adult stages. As of yet, the vulva of Cryptothele species is not illustrated and comparison of pre-vulva illustrated here is not possible. Copulatory ducts of pre-vulva hyaline, moderately long, wide, longitudinally oriented (Figs 2F, 3B). Spermathecae roughly globular, sclerotized (Figs 2F, 3B). Fertilisation ducts long, converging (Fig. 3B).Published as part of Sankaran, Pradeep M. & Joseph, Mathew M., 2022, On the identity of Cryptothele collina Pocock, 1901, and comment on the preepigyne and pre-vulva in Cryptothele L. Koch, 1872 (Araneae, Zodariidae Cryptothelinae), pp. 397-400 in Zootaxa 5124 (3) on pages 397-399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5124.3.9, http://zenodo.org/record/641463
Impact of clinical presentation on bleeding risk after percutaneous coronary intervention and implications for the ARC-HBR definition.
No full textBACKGROUND
The identification of bleeding risk factors in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is essential to inform subsequent management. Whether clinical presentation per se affects bleeding risk after PCI remains unclear.
AIMS
We aimed to assess whether clinical presentation per se predisposes to bleeding in patients undergoing PCI and if the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) High Bleeding Risk (HBR) criteria perform consistently in acute (ACS) and chronic (CCS) coronary syndrome patients.
METHODS
Consecutive patients undergoing PCI from the Bern PCI Registry were stratified by clinical presentation. Bleeding events at one year were compared in ACS versus CCS patients, and the originally defined ARC-HBR criteria were assessed.
RESULTS
Among 16,821 patients, 9,503 (56.5%) presented with ACS. At one year, BARC 3 or 5 bleeding occurred in 4.97% and 3.60% of patients with ACS and CCS, respectively. After adjustment, ACS remained associated with higher BARC 3 or 5 bleeding risk (adjusted HR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.01-1.43; p=0.034), owing to non-access site-related occurrences, which accrued mainly within the first 30 days after PCI. The ARC-HBR score had lower discrimination among ACS compared with CCS patients, and its performance slightly improved when ACS was computed as a minor criterion.
CONCLUSIONS
ACS presentation per se predicts one-year major bleeding risk after PCI. The ARC-HBR score discrimination appeared lower in ACS than CCS, and its overall performance improved numerically when ACS was computed as an additional minor risk criterion
Figures in clinical trial reports: current practice & scope for improvement.
No full textBACKGROUND: Most clinical trial publications include figures, but there is little guidance on what results should be displayed as figures and how. PURPOSE: To evaluate the current use of figures in Trial reports, and to make constructive suggestions for future practice. METHODS: We surveyed all 77 reports of randomised controlled trials in five general medical journals during November 2006 to January 2007. The numbers and types of figures were determined, and then each Figure was assessed for its style, content, clarity and suitability. As a consequence, guidelines are developed for presenting figures, both in general and for each specific common type of Figure. RESULTS: Most trial reports contained one to three figures, mean 2.3 per article. The four main types were flow diagram, Kaplan Meier plot, Forest plot (for subgroup analyses) and repeated measures over time: these accounted for 92% of all figures published. For each type of figure there is a considerable diversity of practice in both style and content which we illustrate with selected examples of both good and bad practice. Some pointers on what to do, and what to avoid, are derived from our critical evaluation of these articles' use of figures. CONCLUSION: There is considerable scope for authors to improve their use of figures in clinical trial reports, as regards which figures to choose, their style of presentation and labelling, and their specific content. Particular improvements are needed for the four main types of figures commonly used
Trigonotarbus johnsoni Pocock 1911
No full textMORPHOLOGY OF TRIGONOTARBUS JOHNSONI Carapace The prosomal region of Tr. johnsoni is lacking the complex ornamentation seen in some taxa, and all aspects of the anatomy are easily seen in the hand specimen. Hence the features identified here differ little from previous interpretations. The original description by Pocock (1911: fig. 38) recognized an essentially triangular carapace with a rounded anterior tip (or clypeus). The carapace has a raised median band bearing a single pair of median eyes, with somewhat sunken lateral flanks. Pocock also figured the transverse groove towards the back of the carapace, although the depression behind the eyes was not shown and is more clearly expressed in some specimens than others. It is tentatively assumed to be a genuine feature and included in the present reconstruction (Fig. 4; see also Dunlop, 1996a: text-fig. 4). Appendages Ventrally, Pocock (1911) correctly figured the leg coxae increasing in size posteriorly, but the presence of a sternum between the coxae and the small chelicerae was first recognized by Petrunkevitch (1949: fig. 111) and confirmed here. Neither author saw the lip-like endites on the first leg coxae revealed here by the tomographic reconstruction. The nearest equivalent are projections from the first coxae in Palaeocharinus and the anthracomartids; however, the detailed shape is rather different and it is unclear if these are homologous with the Tr. johnsoni structures. The pedipalps and legs are of a fairly simple construction (i.e. no spines or raptorial structures) and generally give the impression of a compact arachnid with fairly short, stubby appendages. Some ambiguities in the lengths of the leg articles compared with previous descriptions can be clarified here with the help of tomography, such as the fact that the patella is not much shorter than the tibia, whereas the metatarsus is noticeably shorter than the tarsus. A short metatarsus is also seen in palaeocharinids and anthracomartids and may be a plesiomorphic character within trigonotarbids. Tarsal claws could not be resolved here and were added to the reconstruction (Fig. 4) based on comparisons with other trigonotarbid species. Opisthosoma Opisthosomal segmentation can be a contentious issue in trigonotarbids. Pocock (1911) did not give a segment count, but Petrunkevitch (1949) recognized only eight segments in Tr. johnsoni. Subsequent study of better preserved material (e.g. the Rhynie Chert trigonotarbids) suggests a ground pattern for trigonotarbids of 12 segments in total; whereby the first tergite is modified into a locking ridge that largely tucks under the back of the carapace, the first sternite may be absent, tergites 2 + 3 are often fused into a large diplotergite, and the last two segments (11–12) are ring-like and form a small pygidium (Garwood & Dunlop, 2010). However, a number of Carboniferous taxa seem to differ from this ground pattern, either by reducing the first tergite and/or having separate tergites 2 and 3; possibly a reversal. Trying to apply this to Tr. johnsoni we are forced to consider two competing interpretations of the relationship between dorsal and ventral segmentation. The short anterior tergites in Tr. johnsoni imply that there is no diplotergite 2 + 3, and this is reflected in the current figures and idealized reconstruction (Fig. 4). We do, however, recognize a thickening or ridge at the front of the anterior-most tergite, which we tentatively interpret as a highly reduced tergite 1 in which its ‘locking’ function beneath the carapace may have been lost. Counting back from our presumed tergite 2, we can recognize dorsal sclerites back to a posterior-most tergite nine (Fig. 3A). This is consistent with all other trigonotarbids in which nine tergites are universally visible dorsally (the first perhaps reduced or hidden). In this scenario (Fig. 3A), tergite nine of Tr. johnsoni is rather small and – like that of palaeocharinids – lacks a division into median and lateral plates. Ventrally, segments 11 and 12 should form the small round pygidium (see above) and our favoured scenario of segmentation thus necessitates a fusion of sternites 9 + 10 surrounding the pygidium in order for sternite 8 to match the margins of tergite 8 (Fig. 4). This ventral fusion is potentially a unique character for Tr. johnsoni. If an alternative scheme were to be chosen in which the first fully visible tergite is (despite its short length) a fused diplotergite 2 + 3, then tergite nine must be both laterally and longitudinally divided. A comparable condition is observed in Anthracomartidae (Garwood & Dunlop, 2011) and some Eophrynidae. This would then no longer require a fused sternite 9 + 10, but would make the anterior ventral segmentation difficult to reconcile with either the hand specimens or the tomographic model. For this reason the former hypothesis of segmentation is preferred.Published as part of Jones, Fiona M., Dunlop, Jason A., Friedman, Matt & Garwood, Russell J., 2014, Trigonotarbus johnsoni Pocock, 1911, revealed by X-ray computed tomography, with a cladistic analysis of the extinct trigonotarbid arachnids, pp. 49-70 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 172 (1) on pages 59-60, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12167, http://zenodo.org/record/531364
1974 RDA II (2)
No full textBlack and white print; names attached.Back - Bruce McCallum, Ian McFarland, Bruce Morphett, Stuart Oliver, Bill Panagiotopoulos, Andrew Pike, Peter Philp; centre - David Pocock, Nicholas Pointon, Paul Rowe, Phillip Sinnott, Trevor Sluggett, Andrew Solomon, Andrew Staniford; front - John Threlfall, Stephen Tidswell, Peter Turley, Stuart Weckert, Ronald White, Digby Williamson, David Woodard; missing - Geoffrey Page, Alan McMahon
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