733 research outputs found
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean
No full textObservations show that the upper 2 km of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean cooled throughout 2010 and remained cold until at least December 2011. We show that these cold anomalies are partly driven by anomalous air-sea exchange during the cold winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 and, more surprisingly, by extreme interannual variability in the ocean's northward heat transport at 26.5°N. This cooling driven by the ocean's meridional heat transport affects deeper layers isolated from the atmosphere on annual timescales and water that is entrained into the winter mixed layer thus lowering winter sea surface temperatures. Here we connect, for the first time, variability in the northward heat transport carried by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to widespread sustained cooling of the subtropical North Atlantic, challenging the prevailing view that the ocean plays a passive role in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on monthly-to-seasonal timescales
The Emerging Role of the Quid Pro Quo Requirement in Public Corruption .Prosecutions Under the Hobbs Act
No full textThis Note discusses the quid pro quo requirement under the Hobbs Act, a federal criminal statute which applies to bribery by public officials. The author first describes two recent decisions by the Supreme Court, McCormick v. United States and Evans v. United States, which established slightly different versions of a quid pro quo requirement in public corruption prosecutions under the Hobbs Act. The author then explains that the lower federal courts interpreting McCormick and Evans have molded the quid pro quo requirement so that a prosecutor must prove in all public corruption cases under the Hobbs Act that the official intended a bribe-payor to believe that a momentary payment was a condition to the performance or nonperformance of particular official acts. The author further explains that federal courts do not require the official to either express his intent explicitly or actually intend to perform an official act. Although the author argues that explicitness by the official should not be required, he also argues that officials, in fact, tend to engage in explicit bribery. The author concludes that judges will continue to mold the quid pro quo requirement partly according to their individual moral and political perspectives
Public and Private Standards for Food Safety and Quality: International Trade Implications
No full textThis article examines the implications for the international trade environment of public and private standards for food safety and food quality. Public (mandatory) standards are a response to a perceived market failure and include mandatory risk assessment procedures, restrictions on harmful products, and labelling requirements. Disparate public standards create challenges for international trading partners and are dealt with through the WTO SPS and TBT Agreements. Private standards for food safety and quality are becoming a prominent feature of international food markets and include proprietary, consensus and third-party standards. The WTO has no jurisdiction over private standards. Key questions include whether private standards divert or reduce trade or whether they can be trade enhancing, and under what conditions. The implications for the WTO are discussed, and future trade policy research needs pertaining to the co-existence of public and private standards for food safety and quality are identified.food safety, GLOBALGAP, HACCP, mandatory standards, private standards, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Relations/Trade,
TEMPO2: a new pulsar timing package - III. Gravitational wave simulation
No full textG. Hobbs, F. Jenet, K. J. Lee, J. P. W. Verbiest, D. Yardley, R. Manchester, A. Lommen, W. Coles, R. Edwards and C. Shettigar
Ohio History Fall 2020
No full texthttps://kent-islandora.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/node/10536/OH-v127n2-thumb.jpgOHIO HISTORY
Contents for Volume 127, Number 2, Fall 2020
Contributors ...... 6
The Tensions between Continuity and Change: Early Prescriptive Literature in Ohio and the Western Reserve
Martha I. Pallante ...... 7
The 1891 McKinley-Campbell Ohio Gubernatorial Debate and the Draw That Still Splits America
Robert Klotz ...... 32
Painting the Past: History, Memory, and Community in Modern Ohio
Stuart D. Hobbs ...... 47
Nexus of Naturalists: Sharing Nature in the Columbus Dispatch Column of Edward Sinclair Thomas
Ken J. Ward ...... 92
Book and Exhibition Reviews ...... 114
On the cover: “Construction of a Modern Steel Building.” Image courtesy the Supreme Court of Ohio. David Barker, photographer.</p
Short-interval observational data to inform clinical trial design in Huntington's disease.
No full textOBJECTIVES: To evaluate candidate outcomes for disease-modifying trials in Huntington's disease (HD) over 6-month, 9-month and 15-month intervals, across multiple domains. To present guidelines on rapid efficacy readouts for disease-modifying trials. METHODS: 40 controls and 61 patients with HD, recruited from four EU sites, underwent 3 T MRI and standard clinical and cognitive assessments at baseline, 6 and 15 months. Neuroimaging analysis included global and regional change in macrostructure (atrophy and cortical thinning), and microstructure (diffusion metrics). The main outcome was longitudinal effect size (ES) for each outcome. Such ESs can be used to calculate sample-size requirements for clinical trials for hypothesised treatment efficacies. RESULTS: Longitudinal changes in macrostructural neuroimaging measures such as caudate atrophy and ventricular expansion were significantly larger in HD than controls, giving rise to consistently large ES over the 6-month, 9-month and 15-month intervals. Analogous ESs for cortical metrics were smaller with wide CIs. Microstructural (diffusion) neuroimaging metrics ESs were also typically smaller over the shorter intervals, although caudate diffusivity metrics performed strongly over 9 and 15 months. Clinical and cognitive outcomes exhibited small longitudinal ESs, particularly over 6-month and 9-month intervals, with wide CIs, indicating a lack of precision. CONCLUSIONS: To exploit the potential power of specific neuroimaging measures such as caudate atrophy in disease-modifying trials, we propose their use as (1) initial short-term readouts in early phase/proof-of-concept studies over 6 or 9 months, and (2) secondary end points in efficacy studies over longer periods such as 15 months
DIFFUSE INTERSTELLAR BANDS CORRELATED WITH CARBON MOLECULES and
No full textJ. A. Thorburn, L. M. Hobbs, B. J. McCall, T. Oka, D. E. Welty, S. D. Friedman, T. P. Snow, P. Sonnentrucker and D. G. York, ApJ 584, 339 (2003) T. Oka, J. A. Thorburn, B. J. McCall, S. D. Friedman, L. M. Hobbs, P. Sonnentrucker, D. E. Welty, and D. G. York, ApJ 582, 823 (2003)Author Institution: Department of Astronomy \& Astrophysics, the University of Chicago; Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley; Department of Astronomy, Space Telescope Science Institute;; Department of Astronomy, University of ColoradoOur survey of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) toward 53 stars with color excesses has revealed ``the DIBs'', a class of about a dozen weak and narrow DIBs whose intensities correlate well with column densities of carbon molecules and with the correlation coefficient . They are strongest toward HD 204827, the star whose sightline contains by far the highest and column and weak or undetectable toward Herbig's classic DIB star HD 183143, although the two stars have comparable color excess of 1.11 and 1.27, respectively. The DIBs have high correlation among them , mostly ) suggesting that their carriers are several molecules with similar chemical properties that exist abundantly in the diffuse interstellar medium where carbon molecules abound. We note among the DIBs 4 pairs of doublet lines with very close spacings of . High correlations between the components of a doublet suggest that they are due to the same molecule. The magnitude of the splitting and the relative intensities of the doublets of suggest that they are spin-orbit split levels of linear molecules
Medicine, religion and the judiciary: a re-evaluation of the surgeon's position in the community, 1600-1699.
No full textAntibiotic prescription strategies for acute sore throat: a prospective observational cohort study
No full textBackgroundData from trials suggest that antibiotics reduce the risk of complications of sore throat by at least 50%, but few trials for complications have been done in modern settings, and datasets of delayed antibiotic prescription are underpowered. Observational evidence is important in view of poor compliance with antibiotic treatment outside trials, but no prospective observational cohort studies have been done to date.MethodsWe generated a large prospective cohort from the DESCARTE study, and the PRISM component of DESCARTE, of 12?829 adults presenting with sore throat (?2 weeks duration) in primary care. Our follow-up of the cohort was based on a detailed and structured review of routine medical records, and analysis of the comparison of three antibiotic prescription strategies (no antibiotic prescription, immediate antibiotic prescription, and delayed antibiotic prescription) to control for the propensity to prescribe antibiotics. Information about antibiotic prescription was recorded in 12?677 individuals (4805 prescribed no antibiotics, 6088 prescribed antibiotics immediately, and 1784 prescribed delayed antibiotics). We documented by review of patients' notes (n=11?950) the development of suppurative complications (eg, quinsy, impetigo and cellulitis, otitis media, and sinusitis) or reconsultation with new or non-resolving symptoms). We used multivariate analysis to control for variables significantly related to the propensity to prescribe antibiotics and for clustering by general practitioner.Findings164 (1·4%) of the 11?950 patients with information available developed complications; otitis media and sinusitis were the most common complications (101 patients [62%]). Compared with no antibiotic prescription, immediate antibiotic prescription was associated with fewer complications (adjusted risk ratio [RR] 0·62, 95% CI 0·43–0·91, estimated number needed to treat [NNT 193) as was delayed prescription of antibiotics (0·58, 0·34–0·98; NNT 174). 1787 of the 11?950 patients (15%) reconsulted with new or non-resolving symptoms; the risk of reconsultation was also reduced by immediate (0·83, 0·73–0·94; NNT 40) or delayed antibiotics (0·61, 0·50–0·74; NNT 18).InterpretationSuppurative complications are not common in primary care and most are not serious. The risks of suppurative complications or reconsultation in adults are reduced by antibiotics, but not as much as the trial evidence suggests. In most cases, no antibiotic is needed, but a delayed prescription strategy is likely to provide similar benefits to an immediate antibiotic prescription
- …
