1,720,980 research outputs found
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Of Experience and Enterprise: Careers, Organizations and Entrepreneurship
Full text linkThis dissertation examines the antecedents of entrepreneurship through the empirical analysis of over 2 million resumes that constitutes a sample of the high technology start-up ecology in the United States. The first chapter characterizes the latent issues surrounding the study of entrepreneurial entry (Chapter 1). I then resolve these issues through the development of a sociological career framework of entrepreneurship in two parts. The first establishes the framework and distinguishes two types of entrepreneurial activity: high potential ventures and common self-employment (Chapter 2). I show that machine learning models applied to the identity claims of hundreds of thousands of entrepreneurs can successfully classify, characterize and distinguish these types in the tech sector. The two entrepreneur types exhibit diametrically opposing human capital and career based antecedents. In doing so, I demonstrate a necessary de-conflation of entrepreneurial events; the career framework provides a crucial precision in the definition, observation and measurement of the entrepreneurial outcome variable. The second part exemplifies an application of the framework to demonstrate an efficacy in the identification and study of specific sociological mechanisms. Through the introduced apparatus and a prospective sample of the data that represents the graduates of the top 23 science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) colleges in the United States, I study the effect of status gain on entrepreneurial entry and success by examining different forms of entrepreneurial activity of the alumni of companies that experience liquidity events: initial public offerings (IPOs) and large scale acquisitions (Chapter 3). I find that upon vicariously experiencing these liquidity events, the alumni are on average 23% more likely to enter into high potential entrepreneurship and 17% less likely to enter into contract self-employment. However, such forms of status gain confer no significant funding advantages to the nascent venture. I conclude by discussing future directions: this dissertation serves as but an introduction to and an advocate for a larger program of research that seeks to clarify and advance the study of entrepreneurship through sociological career theory
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What's in a Label? A Series of Essays on Cognition in Markets and the Consequences of Formal Categorization
Full text linkMarkets are social systems. While price is preeminent, it is often insufficient for buyers to determine the value of a product or service. Because of difficult-to-discern heterogeneity in offerings, prices are offered in the context of other kinds of claims, such as the offering’s type, quality, and the endorsements of previous buyers. This is especially the case for markets wherein the `products' defy easy valuation, such as meals at restaurants, art, movies, lectures, and other goods or services where direct human skill is required. A sizeable subfield of sociology has studied categorization in markets. A central premise of this literature is referred to as Zuckerman’s (1999) ‘categorical imperative’: audiences seek to categorize candidates before considering their distinguishing features. Once categorized, the candidates are assessed relative to socially agreed upon criteria as to what is an acceptable candidate within a given category. A host of empirical work in this vein has demonstrated the hazard of failing to be categorized reliably, as well as defying social expectations of category membership. Almost universally, this work has equated category membership with having labels and has generally taken the existence of labels as a given.In my dissertation, I consider the consequences of labeling, with a focus particularly on the interplay among labels and features. My dissertation investigates (a) the causal effect of labeling on the returns to coherent feature combinations, (b) the impact of labeling on similarity, and (c) the potentially positive results of novel label combination. Ultimately, I find evidence that labels and features provide different information depending on market conditions and the composition of audiences
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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The Economics of Patent Citations: Startup Commercialization Strategy, Value, and Success
Full text linkThis thesis examines the effect of the nature of a startup firm's underlying technological relationships, as measured by patent citations, on its commercialization strategy, likelihood of success, and value when successful. The innovation-lineage view of patent citations that has been articulated and explored in the literature to date has left several empirical puzzles and is insufficient for the task. I therefore propose and validate an economic view of patent citations. Using variation in whether a cited patent is in-term or expired at the time that a citing patent is applied for, I provide evidence that patent citations can and do convey economic information directly pertaining to a patent-holder's right to exclude. I then exploit whether citations are in-sector or not, and whether it is the number of cited owners or cited patents that explains meaningful variation in outcome measures, to uncover a fourth degree of heterogeneity in patent citations -- whether citations convey information about complements and substitutes. Using samples that almost comprise the population of successful startups and failed venture-capital-backed firms that experienced their liquidity event between 1986 and 2006, and a reference dataset of all U.S. patents from 1963-2006, I find that the economic information in patent citations is of first-order importance and that startups file for patents on technologies that are at least partly substitutes. Furthermore, my results are consistent with start-ups that achieve initial public offerings patenting more radical inventions and acting as a force for creative destruction. The substitution effect of some patents explains both why receiving more citations does not necessarily make patents more valuable and why positive value effects are more likely to be found in the tail of citation count distributions. Overall, the economic view provides richer information than the innovation-lineage view, has strong construct validity, and provides a foundation for further research using patent-citation-based measures
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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