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Skutki prawne kontroli przedsiębiorcy prowadzonej z naruszeniem zasad kontroli
Get PDFLEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENTREPRENEUR INSPECTION CONDUCTED IN VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR INSPECTIONWith the enforcement of the Business Activities Freedom Act, the provisions of Chapter 5 entitled “Entrepreneur Inspection” have become to apply in the Polish Public Economic Law. The essence of the regulation lies in the principles for inspection, namely standards to be met by each and every entrepreneur’s business inspection performed by administrative bodies. Legal regulation of entrepreneur inspection, providing for legal framework of the procedure and setting limits to the actions of the inspection authority, was aimed by the legislator to limit the natural advantage of the authority over the entrepreneur during the inspection proceeding.The legislator was aware that the very introduction of principles for inspection would not be sufficient to effectively protect entrepreneurs’ interests. For this reason, the administrative authorities have been obliged to apply the principles for trader inspection through far-reaching negative legal consequences to the authority in the event of breach. The article analyses such legal solutions which provide entrepreneurs with the right to pursue compensation from the state, and permit demanding that the evidence gathered during the inspection could not be used against such trader by the administration authorities the “fruit of the poisonous tree” principle. The author presents the scope of application of both such instruments, and takes a stand as regards related detailed issues which have so far been the bone of contention both in the doctrine and in the judgements. LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF ENTREPRENEUR INSPECTION CONDUCTED IN VIOLATION OF PRINCIPLES FOR INSPECTIONWith the enforcement of the Business Activities Freedom Act, the provisions of Chapter 5 entitled “Entrepreneur Inspection” have become to apply in the Polish Public Economic Law. The essence of the regulation lies in the principles for inspection, namely standards to be met by each and every entrepreneur’s business inspection performed by administrative bodies. Legal regulation of entrepreneur inspection, providing for legal framework of the procedure and setting limits to the actions of the inspection authority, was aimed by the legislator to limit the natural advantage of the authority over the entrepreneur during the inspection proceeding.The legislator was aware that the very introduction of principles for inspection would not be sufficient to effectively protect entrepreneurs’ interests. For this reason, the administrative authorities have been obliged to apply the principles for trader inspection through far-reaching negative legal consequences to the authority in the event of breach. The article analyses such legal solutions which provide entrepreneurs with the right to pursue compensation from the state, and permit demanding that the evidence gathered during the inspection could not be used against such trader by the administration authorities the “fruit of the poisonous tree” principle. The author presents the scope of application of both such instruments, and takes a stand as regards related detailed issues which have so far been the bone of contention both in the doctrine and in the judgements
ENTRY INTO THE REGULATED ACTIVITY REGISTER
No full textThe Act on Freedom of Economic Activity passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Poland
on 2 July 2004 introduced obligatory registration of one’s business activity, which is a new form
of influence that organs of public administration may exercise in respect of businesses set up and
run in Poland. A thorough and detailed view of the regulated business activity treated as a legal institution
is presented and various aspects of the Act, starting from the characteristics of the issues
relating to the statutory definition of regulated business activity, through issues like the reasons
of behind the establishing of a register of business activity, the legal regulations, types of business
activity, legal nature of the entry, grounds for refusal to make an entry and consequences of a failure
to make an entry, as well as supervision of the entrepreneur whose business activity has been
entered in the register and the type of decisions prohibiting business activity, are discussed. Concluding,
the author attempts to assess whether the decision to abandon the existing permits and
licences to carry out business activity and introduce an obligation to enter one’s specific business
in the regulated activity register is justified
FREEDOM OF RENDERING SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Get PDFFreedom to render services, freedom of movement of goods and employees, freedom of business
activity, free flow of capital and payments are the key freedoms constituting the framework
of the European Union. This paper presents the freedom of rendering services viewed
from the standpoint of scope of entities (categories of entities that can enjoy this freedom),
subject of the freedom (range of rights enshrined in this freedom) and rules on the basis of
which an entity that falls within the scope of entities enjoying this freedom and conducting activities
that are categorized under the subject scope of the freedom to render services should
be treated. The paper also presents the essence of the freedom to render services, ways and
means of its restriction and examines the freedom to establish business entities. The author
also examines the regulations concerning rendering of services that are included in the European
Treaty, focusing on the consequences of Poland’s accession to the European Union in
terms of cross-border rendering of services by Polish citizens and businesses
Reglamentacja działalności gospodarczej w świetle ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców na tle unormowań wcześniejszych
Get PDFThis article explores the regulation of economic activity (licences, permits, registers of regulated activity) as laid down in the new Polish Act: Law on Entrepreneurs against the background of the previous Acts of 1988, 1999 and 2004. The author attempts to answer questions which are key from the systemic perspective: whether the new form of economic activity regulation corresponds with the objectives and the scope of the law on entrepreneurs, and whether it will strengthen or weaken the level of legal protection of economic freedom of entrepreneurs conducting regulated business activity. While searching for answers to these questions, prior to offering an assessment of the new legal provisions, the author provides a review of the previously applicable laws on the regulation of business activity and compares them with the laws currently in force. This comparison leads to a conclusion that the burden of regulating economic activity has been shifted from a general act: Law on Entrepreneurs to special acts, devoted to particular types of regulated activity. Although the change of the place of the provisions in question in the legal system did not result in any significant change as regards their substance, the author asserts that it may affect their interpretation and, consequently, the legal position of entrepreneurs conducting business activity in the regulated markets.Przedmiotem artykułu jest regulacja reglamentacji działalności gospodarczej (koncesji, zezwoleń, rejestrów działalności regulowanej) w nowej ustawie Prawo przedsiębiorców na tle wcześniejszych ustaw z 1988, 1999 i 2004 r. Autor stara się udzielić odpowiedzi na podstawowe, z perspektywy systemowej, pytania: czy nowy kształt regulacji reglamentacji działalności gospodarczej koresponduje z celami oraz zakresem ustawy Prawo przedsiębiorców oraz czy jego skutkiem będzie wzmocnienie, czy może osłabienie, poziomu prawnej ochrony wolności działalności gospodarczej przedsiębiorców prowadzących reglamentowaną działalność gospodarczą? Poszukując odpowiedzi na te pytania, przed dokonaniem oceny nowych przepisów, autor dokonuje przeglądu prawnej regulacji reglamentacji działalności gospodarczej we wcześniej obowiązujących ustawach oraz porównuje je z unormowaniem aktualnie obowiązującym. Porównanie to prowadzi do wniosku, że ustawodawca przesunął ciężar regulacji reglamentacji działalności gospodarczej z ustawy ogólnej, jaką jest Prawo przedsiębiorców, do ustaw szczególnych, poświęconych poszczególnym działalnościom reglamentowanym. Jakkolwiek nie spowodowało to istotnych zmian w treści samych przepisów, to jednak w ocenie autora zmiana ich umiejscowienia w systemie prawnym może mieć wpływ na ich wykładnię, a w konsekwencji na pozycję prawną przedsiębiorców prowadzących działalność gospodarczą na rynkach objętych reglamentacją
Kryptowaluty jako przedmiot działalności gospodarczej — wybrane uwagi
Get PDFThe article is an attempt to answer the questions related to the use of cryptocurrencies in eco-nomic activity. The main theme of the Convention of the Departments of Public Economic Law “The State and the Entrepreneur — Present Challenges” encourages us to seek new phenomena in the business area which, if they occur, may require legal regulation. Such phenomena include cryptocurrencies, which have become increasingly important in recent years. The occurrence of cryptocurrencies has been accompanied with new business areas related to their acquisition (e.g., “mining”), as well as trading (e.g., cryptocurrency exchange). From the perspective of the public interest, it must be carefully analyzed whether the existing legal regulations appropriately identify and regulate such phenomena. In particular, one must answer the questions whether the activities related to acquisition and trading with cryptocurrencies constitutes economic activity in the meaning of the law, and — if they do — whether such business is to be free or regulated.Artykuł jest próbą udzielenia odpowiedzi na pytania związane z wykorzystaniem kryp-towalut w działalności gospodarczej. Temat główny Zjazdu Katedr i Zakładów Publicznego Prawa Gospodarczego „Państwo a przedsiębiorca — aktualne wyzwania” skłania do poszukiwania nowych zjawisk w obszarze działalności gospodarczej, których pojawienie się może wymagać objęcia ich regulacją prawną. Takim zjawiskiem, które od co najmniej kilku lat stopniowo zyskuje na znacze-niu w obrocie gospodarczym, są kryptowaluty. Pojawieniu się kryptowalut towarzyszy zaistnienie nowych przedmiotów działalności przedsiębiorców związanych zarówno z ich pozyskiwaniem (na przykład tak zwany mining, czyli „kopanie” kryptowalut), jak i następnie z obrotem nimi (na przy-kład tak zwane giełdy kryptowalut). Z perspektywy ochrony interesu publicznego uważnego na-mysłu wymaga, czy dotychczasowe przepisy prawne należycie te zjawiska identyfikują i regulują. W szczególności odpowiedzi wymagają pytania, czy czynności związane z pozyskiwaniem i obrotem kryptowalutami stanowią działalność gospodarczą, a dalej — w razie pozytywnej odpowiedzi na to pytanie — czy działalność tego rodzaju jest działalnością wolną czy działalnością reglamentowaną
Powierzanie przez gminę zadań podmiotom zewnętrznym i odpowiedzialność za ich nienależyte wykonanie na przykładzie zimowego utrzymania czystości i porządku
No full textDELEGATION OF COMMUNAL TASKS TO EXTERNAL ENTITIES AND THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR INADEQUATE PERFORMANCE BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF WINTER MAINTENANCEThis paper aims to present aselection of legal issues related to the commune’s tasks of keeping roads, pavements and other public areas clear and safe during winter time and the execution of such tasks by means of delegating them to external entities. As arule, the legislator decided that it is the commune which is responsible for ensuring that places accessible to the public are well-maintained in the winter. This responsibility, which includes as well removing snow and ice that has been cleared from pavements by the owners of adjacent properties, belongs to the category of public-interest tasks and therefore may be performed by the commune using its own units including local budgetary entity or may be entrusted under an agreement on delegation of the task to an external entity. It is worth noting that even with the task of winter maintenance being delegated to the external entity, it is the commune that remains responsible and liable, both under public law and under the provisions of the Civil Code. If snow clearing is delegated to external professionals, the commune is indemnified against damage caused by the actions of such entities, but the commune still remains liable for damages when athird party suffers any loss in property or personal injury as aresult of an external entity’s non-performance or improper performance of tasks delegated thereto. Therefore, establishing cooperation with aprivate entity by delegating the task in question to such entity cannot be used by the commune as ameasure to circumvent the problem of winter maintenance, which is one of the obligations assigned to the commune under the applicable law.DELEGATION OF COMMUNAL TASKS TO EXTERNAL ENTITIES AND THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR INADEQUATE PERFORMANCE BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF WINTER MAINTENANCEThis paper aims to present aselection of legal issues related to the commune’s tasks of keeping roads, pavements and other public areas clear and safe during winter time and the execution of such tasks by means of delegating them to external entities. As arule, the legislator decided that it is the commune which is responsible for ensuring that places accessible to the public are well-maintained in the winter. This responsibility, which includes as well removing snow and ice that has been cleared from pavements by the owners of adjacent properties, belongs to the category of public-interest tasks and therefore may be performed by the commune using its own units including local budgetary entity or may be entrusted under an agreement on delegation of the task to an external entity. It is worth noting that even with the task of winter maintenance being delegated to the external entity, it is the commune that remains responsible and liable, both under public law and under the provisions of the Civil Code. If snow clearing is delegated to external professionals, the commune is indemnified against damage caused by the actions of such entities, but the commune still remains liable for damages when athird party suffers any loss in property or personal injury as aresult of an external entity’s non-performance or improper performance of tasks delegated thereto. Therefore, establishing cooperation with aprivate entity by delegating the task in question to such entity cannot be used by the commune as ameasure to circumvent the problem of winter maintenance, which is one of the obligations assigned to the commune under the applicable law
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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