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Leachate chemistry of two modern municipal waste landfills in Melbourne, Victoria
Get PDFDeposited with permission of the author. © 1999 Darryl Grant StrudwickThis study investigates the occurrence and chemical composition of leachate at Clayton South and Brooklyn Municipal waste landfills in Melbourne, Victoria. Both are ‘modern’ municipal waste landfills, being engineered and managed consistent with current regulatory requirements. These landfills accept only putrescible and solid inert waste, but not soluble chemical, hazardous, liquid or prescribed industrial waste. (For complete abstract open document)
Analyses of an extensive range of chemical parameters reveals a complex mixture of inorganic and organic compounds, similar to those of international authors researching leachate chemistry. Dominant ions in these leachates are NH4+, Na+, HC03- and Cl-. Except for Fe, heavy metals are not present in significant concentrations (mostly <O.1mgg/L).
Although extensive organic analyses were undertaken, less than 15% of the Total Organic Carbon has been quantified or identified. Volatile fatty acids, alcohols and phenolic compounds are the major organic components identified. Chlorinated hydrocarbons were measured in low concentrations (<0.01 to 0.11mg/L), particularly at Brooklyn Landfill where there is some evidence of degradation of these compounds. The concentrations of toluene (0.03 to 0.36mg/L) and the xylene isomers (0.13 to 0.66mg/L) are more representative of those found in mixed and hazardous waste landfills in other studies. Organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides were not detected in any sample. Based on the results of this research, analytical parameters for sampling modern municipal waste landfills are recommended.
Leachate from both Clayton South and Brooklyn Landfills is characteristic of the methanogenesis phase of waste stabilisation, although methanogenesis at Brooklyn appears more localised than at Clayton South due to a higher overall moisture content within the waste at Clayton South.
Significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of leachate quality is evident at Brooklyn Landfill. The major factors contributing to variation in leachate quality are the heterogeneity of the waste and the degree of stabilisation of organic waste in the vicinity of each sampling location. High concentrations of dichloromethane (0.14mg/L), toluene (1.3mg/L), styrene (0.06mg/L), phenol (l.0mg/L), p-cresol (13.0mg/L) and a-cresol (0.55mg/L) indicate a source of industrial waste in the vicinity of Bore 3 at Brooklyn Landfill.
This study also investigated the effects of the type of sampling location (bore into landfill vs leachate collection sump) and equipment (bailer vs bladder pump) on the composition of leachate samples. The data indicates that heterogeneity in the waste that surrounds each sampling point is the primary control on leachate composition regardless of whether collected from a sump or bore. A point in the leachate collection system (a sump if sealed between sampling events) is the recommended landfill leachate sampling location, due to its collection of leachate from a larger area of the landfill (hence being a more representative sample).
Collecting samples with a bailer instead of a bladder pump resulted in changed leachate chemistry due to volatilisation of ethyl benzene and xylenes, as well as increased sample turbidity, causing increased concentrations of K+, Fe, Zn, Cr, ethanoic acid and 1,8 cineole. However, as there were no significant effects caused by sampling equipment on nearly all of the recommended sampling parameters, and due to the difficulties of gaining leachate samples from the recommended type of sampling location (leachate sump) with the bladder pump, bailers (bottom loading) are the recommended sampling equipment.
Analytical results for leachates were found to be highly dependent on the selected methods of analysis and their relevance to the environment being sampled. Some traditional analytical methods for aqueous samples, such as TDS by gravimetry, SO42- by ICP-MS and nitrogen species by colourimetry were found to be inappropriate for modern municipal waste landfill leachates. Analytical methods for leachate from modern municipal waste landfills are recommended
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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