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Parental substance use and foster care entrance : trends, geographic variation, and predictors of reunification
Get PDFParental substance use is a major risk factor for a child’s entrance into foster care and, in the context of the opioid epidemic, has contributed to an increasing proportion of foster care entrances. However, parental substance use exists on a spectrum of severity and risk to a child’s safety and well-being. Whether or not a child with substance-using parent(s) is removed to foster care and returns to their parents’ home following foster care depends on the extent to which professionals, caseworkers, judges, and other authorities perceive parental substance use as maltreatment and whether it can be reconciled with a child’s safety and wellbeing. Decision-making in the child welfare system largely depends on the personal judgments of caseworkers, judges, and other child welfare workers, which are in turn influenced by external factors varying over time and place. Regarding time, the primary narrative regarding substance abuse has shifted dramatically from one emphasizing criminality and the need for punishment during the 1980s crack cocaine epidemic to one emphasizing public health and the need for treatment during the current opioid crisis. How this new narrative is reflected in child welfare decision-making, however, has not been adequately explored. Regarding place, the policies, availability of services, and more general sociodemographic and health environment of counties and states are known factors in child welfare decision-making, but have yet to be applied specifically to cases involving parental substance use. This dissertation links data from the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System with various county- and state-level data sources to address these gaps in the literature. The first study shows how sociodemographic variation in substance use-associated foster care entry rates over time reveal changes in where and for whom the child welfare system allocates resources. The second study demonstrates how county-level policy, health, and sociodemographic characteristics explain geographic variation in these rates. In the third study, I show how Medicaid expansion and program generosity interact in nuanced ways to predict reunification among children removed from the home due to parental substance use. All three studies illustrate the ongoing connections between the opioid epidemic and child welfare.Sociolog
Substance Use-Associated Infant Maltreatment Report Rates in the Context of Complex Prenatal Substance Use Policy Environments
Get PDFState responses to substance use during pregnancy have included policies designed to increase access to substance use treatment as well as punish such substance use. Prior research has found that punitive policies are associated with increased rates of child maltreatment reporting, but it is unclear if the presence of punitive-promoting policies also moderate the association between access-promoting polices and maltreatment reports. Using data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System and state-level fixed effects models, this study investigates how interactions between access-promoting and punitive prenatal substance use policies are associated with rates of substance use-associated maltreatment reports among infants. In states with punitive policies, access-promoting policies were associated with smaller decreases in these reports than in states without punitive policies. In some cases, access-promoting policies were associated with greater increases in these reports when punitive policies were also present than when only one type of policy was adopted. Interactions between prenatal substance use policies may result in unintended and counterproductive consequences for maternal and child health and the child welfare system
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Adverse childhood experiences and substance use across diverse neighborhoods
Get PDFAdverse childhood experiences (e.g., abuse, substance abuse or mental illness in the household, incarceration of a family member) have gained prominence in the medical and epidemiological literature in recent years due in part to the implications these experiences have for later adult health. One pathway by which adverse childhood experiences influence later health is through the development of problematic health behaviors that serve as coping mechanisms, such as drinking alcohol and smoking. Individuals typically initiate these behaviors in one form or another during adolescence, a time of experimentation and increased autonomy. Accordingly, the first aim of this study analyzes the extent to which adverse childhood experiences are linked with later substance use during adolescence and the transition to adulthood. In addition to the household environment, neighborhood context may also play a role in adolescents’ substance use behaviors. Protective resources in youth’s neighborhood, such as collective efficacy, might buffer the effects of growing up in a troubled household, although other neighborhood environments may contribute to youth’s substance use. The second aim of this study explores how the neighborhood social context moderates the association between adverse childhood experiences and later substance use. Lastly, as substance use shows systematic age-related patterns, the third aim of this study tests if the foregoing relationships vary by age.
This study uses the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods data to estimate multi-level models predicting three health behaviors during adolescence: drinking, cigarette smoking, and drug use. Results showed consistent associations between adverse childhood experiences and the amount of cigarettes smoked and the likelihood of illicit drug use, although not the amount of days drunk in the past year. Second, neighborhood interaction effects operated unexpectedly so that some neighborhood resources increased substance use among youth with adverse childhood experiences. Third, adverse childhood experiences and neighborhood resources were the most salient for substance use at the older ages. This examination of how childhood experiences relates to substance use behaviors in adolescence provides additional insight into the family and neighborhood contexts of adolescent substance use as well as how adverse childhood experiences matter across the life course.Sociolog
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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