1,677 research outputs found
The Use of Objective and Subjective Measures: Implications for Incentive System Design
No full textThis study examines the question, is the use of subjective measures an ex post adjustment of objective measures to take into account three types of risk: target difficulty (after controlling for budget loss), shared risk (after controlling for business unit strategy) and downside risk? We examine this question using data from a sample of 522 managers and professionals in period 0 (and 434 in period 1) from a large Australasian corporation over a two year period. Period 0 is a pre shock period and period 1 is a post shock period. We find that for the overall two years that the subjective is an upward adjustment to the objective to take into account: (1) target difficulty, the spread between upper limit and lower limit of unit performance; (2) shared risk, that is organizational interdependencies; and (3) downside risk, which is the opportunity loss function that the employees faced in not meeting the maximum bonus allowed.
However, in examining the pre shock period and post shock period, the results indicate that the subjective evaluation has been used differently for each period for two type of risk (target difficulty, shared risk). (1) With regard to target difficulty for the pre shock period, the subjective makes an upward adjustment to the objective; but for the post shock, the subjective makes a downward adjustment. One plausible explanation is that during the post shock, quite a few managers and professionals were already on the maximum of the objective measures (given that there may have been gamesmanship at setting targets and upper limits for an anticipated poor economic period). Therefore, the subjective can be a downward adjustment to reflect this gamesmanship. (2) In regard to shared risk (the percentage of transfer revenues), for the pre shock period the subjective was a downward adjustment, while for the post shock period the subjective adjustment is an upward adjustment to the objective measure. This implies that for the pre shock or times of economic stability, the subjective could be used to reduce some of the free rider challenges that face incentive systems. Conversely for the post shock period, or during times of economic instability, the subjective adjustment is to encourage resource sharing and greater coordination and communication. Overall, our results indicate that the subjective measure is used as an ex post adjustment to the objective measure. This could be in response to flaws in the objective (financial) performance measures as subjective measures as this enables other factors to be taken into account.UnpublishedNon Peer ReviewedAlchian, A. and Demsetz, H. (1972). Production, Information Costs and Economic Organization, The American Economic Review, 62 (5), p.777-795). Anthony, R. and Govindarajan, V. (2007), Management Control Systems, 12th Edition, Irwin, Singapore. Arvey, R.D. and Murphy, K.R. (1998). Performance Evaluation in Work Settings, Annual Review of Psychology, 49, p. 141-68. Arya, A., Fellingham, J., and Glover, J., (1997). Teams, repeated tasks, and implicit incentives. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 23, p.7-30.
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Specialty farming in Idaho: Is it for me?
No full textBulletin no. 743 Moscow, Idaho :University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension System, 1992-01-01. Author(s): Barney, D.L.; Finnerty, T.L. ; Laughlin, K.M
Author Correction:A cattle graph genome incorporating global breed diversity
No full textThe original version of this Article omitted from the author list the 12th and 13th authors Dennis Muhanguzi and Wilson Amanyire, who are from the ‘School of Biosecurity, Biotechnology and Laboratory Sciences (SBLS), College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda’. Consequently, the final sentence of the Author Contributions incorrectly read ‘D.W., P.T., E.A.J.C., C.E., E.T.O., E.R.A., A. Tijjani, K.M., A.F., B.R.F., A.Q., U.C. and P.W. provided samples and expertise for the studies’. This has been replaced with ‘D.W., P.T., W.A., D.M., E.A.J.C., C.E., E.T.O., E.R.A., A. Tijjani, K.M., A.F., B.R.F., A.Q., U.C. and P.W. provided samples and expertise for the studies’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article
Author Correction: Structural transformation of layered double hydroxides: An in situ TEM analysis
No full textArt. 11, 1 S.Correction to: npj 2D Materials and Applications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41699-018-0048-4, Published online 21 February 2018 The Author contributions section has been amended to account for the full contributions of two of the authors, K.M. and M.C.D.M. This has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of this article.
Czyje jest miasto? Kilka uwag o jednej powieści K.M. Bakowa
No full textThe article looks at the question of using urban studies as a set of interpretive techniques in analyzing popular literature – especially in its most popular genre – crime fiction. On the basis of K.M. Bakow’s debut novel Albatros i hiena [Albatross and hyena], set in Bielsko-Biała, the author of the article shows how the criminal intrigue is enriched by a specific way of showing urban space and how it relates to the main character, detective Ewa Orlowska. The proposed model of interpretation can be used
in discussing subsequent novels by the author of Padlinożercy [Scavengers] and fits into the framework of geopoetics and text [email protected] Literaturoznawstwa, Uniwersytet ŚląskiBakow K. M. (2009), Albatros i hiena, Bielsko-Biała: Wydawnictwo STO.Bielak Tomasz (2008), Proza Macieja Słomczyńskiego (Joe Alexa), Katowice: Wydawnictwo WSZOP.Harvey David (2009), Prawo do miasta: ekonomia polityczna urbanizacji, przeł. J. Maciejczyk, „Le Monde Diplomatique. Edycja polska”, nr 4 (38), s. 1, 10–12.Engels Fryderyk (1952), Położenie klasy robotniczej w Anglii, przeł. A. Długosz, Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza.Lefebvre Henri (1996), The Right to the City, w: H. Lefebvre, Writings on Cities, red. E. Kofman, E. Lebas, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, s. 147–159.Markowski Marek Paweł (2021), Uczta czystego rozumu, „Dwutygodnik.com”, https://www.dwutygodnik.com/artykul/9722-uczta-czystego-rozumu.html.Opacki Ireneusz (1995), „W środku niebokręga”. Poezja romantycznych przełomów, Katowice: „Para”.Sendyka Roma (2013), Pryzma – zrozumieć nie-miejsca pamięci (non-lieux de memoire), „Teksty Drugie”, nr 1–2, s. 323–344.Stiegler Bernard, Kolektyw Internacja [red.] (2023), Konieczna bifurkacja. „Nie ma alternatywy”, Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego.Toeplitz Krzysztof Teodor (1970), Mieszkańcy masowej wyobraźni, Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.Ustroń Zawodzie – sanatorium, piramidy i wyjątkowa architektura, https://www.bryla.pl/bryla/7,158929,24594311,ustron-zawodzie-sanatorium-piramidy-i-wyjatkowa-architektura.html.2222123
P2PEdge : A Decentralised, Scalable P2P Architecture for Energy Trading in Real-Time
No full textAuthor Contributions: Conceptualization, J.K., D.H.-S., R.N.A., B.S. and K.M.; Formal analysis, J.K., D.H.-S. and B.S.; Investigation, J.K.; Methodology, J.K.; Project administration, K.M.; Supervision, K.M. and D.H.-S.; Validation, J.K. and D.H.-S.; Visualization, J.K.; Writing—original draft, J.K.; Writing—review & editing, J.K., K.M., D.H.-S., R.N.A. and B.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding.Peer reviewe
Internet Identifiability and Beyond: A Model of the Effects of Identifiability on Communicative Behavior
No full textK.M. Douglas and C. McGarty (in press) demonstrated that being identifiable to an ingroup
audience in a computer-mediated communication (CMC) setting leads people to describe
anonymous outgroup targets in more abstract, or stereotypical ways. Based on these findings,
and on the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE: S.D. Reicher, R. Spears,
& T. Postmes, 1995), we aimed to test a model of the effects of identifiability on
communicative behavior, in and beyond CMC. Participants in three studies, one CMC and
two pen/paper, were asked to write responses to controversial messages. In all three studies,
communicators who were identifiable to an ingroup audience used more stereotypical
language to describe anonymous outgroup targets. Although Study 1 suggested that this
increase in stereotypical language use may be strategic, Studies 2 and 3 suggested instead that
it may result from more subtle, or implicit communicative processes. These results are
discussed in relation to the revised SIDE model and a final model is proposed
Payments for ecosystem services and poverty reduction: concepts, issues, and empirical perspectives
No full textPaying for the provision of environmental services is a recent policy innovation attracting much attention in both developed and developing countries. This innovation, referred to as ‘payments for ecosystem services’ (when the emphasis is on enhancing ‘nature’ services) or ‘payments for environmental services’ (when amenities provided by the built environment are also included) is referred to here as PES. PES programs aim to harness market forces to obtain more efficient environmental outcomes. Since so many opportunities for PES programs could involve farmers in poor regions, international aid agencies and private donors, looking for a double dividend, increasingly consider using PES programs as a potential way of meeting both social and environmental objectives.Erwin H. Bulte, Leslie Lipper, Randy Stringer and David Zilberma
City Port Bridge Rotterdam: In search of perpetual state of motion
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