36 research outputs found
La signification politique du procès de Pékin
No full textPeking's Trial, by Wojtek Zafanolli
The political system that judged Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's widow, and her three co-conspirators was not politically detached. Western countries failed to understand the reasons for this show-case trial that dominated the public's attention for more than two months. According to the author of this article, this trial must be considered in the light of the demaoization process launched more than two and a half years ago, the latest episode being the eviction of Hua Guofeng from the chairmanship of the party.Le procès de Pékin, par Wojtek Zafanolli
La justice qui a jugé Jiang Qing, la veuve de Mao Zedong, et ses trois co-inculpés de la "bande des quatre" était loin d'être sereine. Mais les motifs de cette savante mise en scène, qui a retenu l'attention de l'opinion publique mondiale pendant plus de deux mois, ont été très peu compris en Occident. L'auteur de cet article montre que ce procès doit être envisagé comme une étape du processus de démaoïsation entamé depuis plus de deux ans et demi et dont la dernière péripétie a été l'éviction de Hua Guofeng de son poste de président du parti.Zafanolli Wojtek. La signification politique du procès de Pékin. In: Politique étrangère, n°1 - 1981 - 46ᵉannée. pp. 163-170
The tender place for reminiscence Róża directed by Wojtek Smarzowski
No full textThe basis for this article is the film Róża (Rose), directed by Wojtek Smarzowski. The author reads the aforementioned film as a historic tale of the ‘Recovered Territories’ (territories that became part of Poland after the Second World War), and, at the same time, the representation of the Other, post-war autochthonic experience of Masurians. Where, in the memory discourse, does the film place Masurians? In what way does it bring their tragic history back to the Polish collective memory? Who benefits from recovering this collective memory? Whilst searching for answers, the author uses the notion of melodrama as a sorting key for cinema image notions
Single walled carbon nanotube networks as substrates for bone cells
No full textA central effort in biomedical research concerns the development of materials for sustaining and controlling cell growth. Carbon nanotube based substrates have been shown to support the growth of different kinds of cells. However the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly defined. To address the fundamental question of mechanisms by which nanotubes promote bone mitosis and histogenesis, primary calvariae osteoblastic cells were grown on single walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network substrates. Using a combination of biochemical and optical techniques, we demonstrate here that SWNT networks promote cell development through two distinct steps. Initially, SWNTs are absorbed in a process that resembles endocytosis, inducing acute toxicity. Nanotube mediated cell destruction, however, induces a release of endogenous factors that act to boost the activity of the surviving cells by stimulating the synthesis of extracellular matrix. In the second part of the research, minimally invasive SWNT matrices were used to further investigate network properties for biomedical applications without extensive presence of cytotoxicity. In the literature, carbon nanotube based substrates have been shown to support the growth of different cell types and, as such, have raised considerable interest in view of their possible use in biomedical applications. Nanotube matrices that are embedded in polymers cause inherent changes in nanotube chemical and physical film properties. Thus, it is critical to understand how the physical properties of the pristine networks affect the biology of the host tissue. Here, we investigated how the physical and chemical properties of SWNT networks impact the response of MC3T3-E1 bone osteoblasts. We found that two fundamental steps in cell growth: initial attachment to the substrate and proliferation, are strongly dependent on the energy and roughness of the surface, respectively. Thus, fine-tuning the properties of the film may represent a strategy to optimize the response of the biological host. Outlined above results led to a next set of experiments in which in-situ, real time cell interactions with SWNT films were investigated. Direct electrical measurements on SWNT thin films on changing osteoblastic cell growth were conducted. The experiments indicated that in fact the nanotube films have capability of hosting and sensing initial cell material interactions.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Wojtek Tuta
Evolution des structures politiques de l'Europe : un point de vue polonais
No full textThe Evolving Political Architecture of Europe : a View from Poland, by Wojtek Lamentowicz
The paper explores four policy options of the East-Central European states as for as the future of the Warsaw Pact is concerned and concludes that there is no real opportunity for revival of the Soviet dominated military and political coordination in Central Europe. The author argues that Central European governments — ie. Poland, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary — are highly interested in extended responsibility for NATO. Old and new missions of NATO are being discussed and the sequence of reasons for the extended responsibility is being presented : bad experience with the WTO, preventing security strategies from being re-nationalized, non military threats to stability, preventing the security vacuum and unpredictable futures, eliminating barriers which separate Central Europe from the West, assurance of being on the same side as Germany, opportunity to reform NATO by preparing for the bilateral security agreements betgween NATO and Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.Evolution des structures politiques de l'Europe : un point de vue polonais, par Wojtek Lamentowicz
Cet article analyse quatre opinions politiques des Etats de l'Europe de l'Est pour ce qui est de l'avenir du pacte de Varsovie et conclut à l'improbabilité, en Europe centrale, d'un renouveau de la coordination militaire et politique dominée par les Soviétiques. Selon l'auteur, les gouvernements d'Europe centrale, ici la Pologne, la Tchécoslovaquie et la Hongrie, se sont montrés très intéressés par une responsabilité accrue de l'OTAN. Les discussions en cours portent sur des missions de l'OTAN anciennes et récentes, et une série de raisons en faveur de cette responsabilité accrue a été mise en avant : mauvaises expériences avec le pacte de Varsovie, empêcher les stratégies de défense d'être à nouveau nationalisées, menaces d'ordre non militaire pour la stabilité, empêcher un vide défensif de se constituer et contrebalancer des avenirs incertains, éliminer les barrières qui séparent l'Europe centrale de Occident, garantie de faire partie du même camp que l'Allemagne, occasion de réformer en se préparant pour les accords de défense bilatéraux entre l'OTAN, la Pologne, la Hongrie et la Tchécoslovaquie.Lamentowicz Wojtek. Evolution des structures politiques de l'Europe : un point de vue polonais. In: Politique étrangère, n°1 - 1991 - 56ᵉannée. pp. 137-148
The Evolution of Trust and Reputation: Results from Simulation Experiments
No full textIn online interactions in general, but especially in interactions between buyers and sellers on internet-auction platforms, the interacting parties must deal with trust and cooperation problems. Whether a rating system is able to foster trust and cooperation through reputation and without an external enforcer is an open question. We therefore explore through ecological analysis different buyer and seller strategies in terms of their success and their contribution to supporting or impeding trust and cooperation. In our agent-based model, the interaction between a buyer and a seller is defined by a one-shot trust game with a reputation mechanism. In every interaction, a buyer has complete information about a seller's past behavior. We find that cooperation evolves under two conditions even in the absence of an external sanctioning authority. On the one hand, some minimal fraction of buyers must make use of the sellers’ reputation in their buying strategies and, on the other hand, trustworthy sellers must be given opportunities to gain a good reputation through their cooperative behavior. Despite the apparent usefulness of the reputation mechanism, a small number of deceitful sellers are able to hold their ground.trust game, reputation, agent-based simulation
Powerful Films and Deep Complexes: Wojtek Smarzowski’s <i>Rose</i> and Wojciech J. Has’ <i>How to Be Loved</i>
No full textTekst jest analizą porównawczą filmów Róża Wojtka Smarzowskiego i Jak być kochaną Wojciecha J. Hasa jako utworów, które łączy temat związany m.in. z przemocą seksualną w czasie II wojny światowej. Uwzględniając kontekst historycznofilmowy ich powstania oraz przynależność do grupy filmów mierzących się z problematyką wojennej i powojennej traumy, autorka zwraca uwagę na dokonujące się na przestrzeni pięćdziesięciu lat zmiany języka filmowego oraz sposobu przedstawiania zjawisk przemocy (gwałty wojenne na kobietach). Ponadto analizuje wizerunek akowca w obu filmach, a także rolę i sposób konstrukcji bohaterki oraz jej miejsce w świecie przedstawionym.The article is a comparative analysis of Wojtek Smarzowski’s Rose (Róża) and Wojciech J. Has’ How to be loved (Jak być kochaną), films that are connected in their theme of sexual violence in the context of the Second World War. Taking into the account the historical context within which the films were made, and the post-war trauma, the author points to the changes that took place over the last fifty years in the language of film and ways of presenting violence (in particular, war rape of women). In addition the author also considers the image of a soldier of the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) in both films, the role and the way the female protagonist is constructed, and her place in the presented world
L'économie parallèle en Chine : une seconde nature ?
No full textChina's second economy : second nature ?
A study of the second economy in a socialist country is a matter of considerable interest. Indeed, the use of this approach can throw light on the ways in which the economy really functions, as opposed to the legal or official routes which it is supposed to follow. Assessment of the extent of the divergence between the two would require a precise quantification of all the diverse forms of economic activity by which the second economy manifests itself, and this, given the lack of statistics, is not generally possible. However, such indications as can be found in the country's press afford some insight into its workings, suggesting that the activities of the second economy tend to develop in all those sectors where the official economy has proved itself incapable of organizing production and distribution in a rational and efficient manner, and that they represent the reintroduction of economic incentives into a system which is almost entirely lacking in these.
Illegal economic activity takes a great many forms, but broadly it might be classified under three main headings : illegalities committed by enterprises and by the administration, which arise from the contradictions within the system ; then come those illegal activities which, in one way or another, have to do with corruption and which, by definition, are committed by officials ; and lastly there are the « poor man's crimes ». The article examines these various aspects of illegal economic activity in China, one of the socialist countries which are least often mentioned in this context. For reasons which are partly structural and partly circumstantial (the latter having to do with an attempt at reform and reorganization of the economy) the second economy in China has nowadays become greatly extended. Falsification of accounts, the amount of goods and funds misappropriated not only by enterprises but also by officials or ordinary private individuals, the importance of the bribe, the simple straightforward pillaging of State property, all bring to mind Ilya Zemstov's classic description of such activities in the context of Soviet Azerbaïdjan. Having shown that this apparently heterogeneous assortment of practices does in fact add up to a coherent and well-articulated whole, the author goes on to ask a number of questions about the nature of the socialist system and the forces at work therein.L'étude de l'économie parallèle dans un pays socialiste a un intérêt considérable. Par ce biais, on peut en effet aborder la question des modalités réelles du fonctionnement du système économique par rapport à ses modalités légales ou officielles. Apprécier l'importance du décalage entre les unes et les autres impliquerait que l'on puisse quantifier très précisément l'ensemble des phénomènes ressortissant à l'économie parallèle : faute de statistique, cela n'est en général pas possible. Les indications contenues dans la presse du pays permettent néanmoins de mettre à jour des mécanismes partiels montrant que les activités parallèles se développent partout où l'économie officielle se révèle incapable d'organiser la production et la distribution de façon rationnelle et efficace, et qu'elles correspondent à la réintroduction de motivations économiques dans un système qui en est presque complètement dépourvu.
La criminalité économique présente une grande diversité. On peut a priori distinguer trois formes principales, qui sont : les délits institutionnels, commis par les entreprises et l'administration, et qui sont un effet des contradictions traversant le système ; puis viennent les délits qui, d'une manière ou d'une autre, participent de la corruption, et qui, par définition, sont l'apanage des cadres ; enfin, il y a ce que l'on peut appeler les •crimes du pauvre'. L'article explore ces divers aspects de l'illégalité économique dans un des pays socialiste où il en est le moins souvent question, la Chine. Pour des raisons en partie structurelles et en partie conjoncturelles (qui tiennent à une tentative de réorganisation et de réforme de l'économie), le secteur parallèle en Chine a pris aujourd'hui une très grande extension. Les comptabilités truquées, l'importance des détournements de biens et de fonds, opérés tant par les individus — cadres ou simples particuliers — que par les entreprises, la place occupée par le pot-de-vin, le pillage pur et simple des biens de l'Etat, etc., évoquent la description classique de ces phénomènes faite par Ilja Zemtsov pour l'Azerbaïdjan soviétique. Après avoir montré que ces pratiques en apparence hétérogènes forment un ensemble cohérent et articulé, l'auteur est amené à poser un certain nombre d'interrogations sur la nature du système socialiste et des forces qui y sont à l'œuvre.Jacques ANDRIEU. L'économie parallèle en Chine : une seconde nature ?. In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest, vol. 14, 1983, n°3. pp. 103-151
Generic Agnostic AI and Distributed Ledger Enterprise System for Scalable Domain Adaptation
No full textThis paper presents a formal system model integrating artificial intelligence and decentralised verification in higher education, aligned with European regulatory frameworks. The architecture comprises two components: EduAI, a multi-agent AI framework structured by institutional roles; and EduDVS, a distributed verification system for regulatory audit, credential authentication, and tamper-evident recordkeeping. Legal instruments such as the GDPR, EU AI Act, EQF, ECTS, and ESG are encoded as structural constraints. The system also supports financial regulations including MiFID II, MiCA, AMLD, DORA, and Swiss counterparts (FMIA, FinSA, FADP). EduAI agents are defined by stakeholder class and governed by a constrained optimisation function ensuring compliance with legal boundaries. EduDVS operates on a DAG-based, permissionless ledger maintained by a federated academic consortium. It supports verifiable academic tokens, programmable stablecoins, and audit-ready interactions. The combined model offers a regulatory-compliant infrastructure with practical use in cross-border academic environments. The framework enables regulatory prototyping, governance simulation, and structured empirical validation
A regulatory-compliant AI and verification system for higher education under ESG-aligned constraints
No full textThis paper introduces a formal system model for integrating artificial intelligence and distributed verification intohigher education under European regulatory constraints. The architecture consists of two interlinked components:EduAI, a role-specific, multi-agent artificial intelligence framework for institutional operations; and EduDVS, adecentralised verification infrastructure for regulatory audit, credential authentication, and tamper-evident recordkeeping. The model encodes legal instruments such as the GDPR, EU AI Act, EQF, ECTS, and ESG directivesas structural system constraints, with additional compatibility for financial frameworks including MiFID II, MiCA,AMLD, DORA, and Swiss equivalents (FMIA, FinSA, FADP). EduAI agents are formalised by stakeholder classand governed by a constrained optimisation function ensuring legally admissible outputs. EduDVS operates as aDAG-based, permissionless ledger maintained by a federated educational consortium, supporting verifiable academictokens, programmable stablecoins, and audit-ready interactions. Results are presented as a theoretical framework forcompliant digital infrastructures, with direct applicability to cross-jurisdictional academic ecosystems. The modelprovides a foundation for regulatory prototyping, governance simulation, and controlled empirical validation
Livonian Hospitality : The ‘Livonian Rhymed Chronicle’ and the Formation of Identities on the Thirteenth-Century Baltic Frontier *
No full textThe conquest and colonisation of the northeastern Baltic Rim in the 13th century durably shaped religious and ethnic identities of and relations between the native population and the arriving crusaders. This article explores the codes and displays of hospitality in the anonymous ‘Livonian Rhymed Chronicle’, which are seen here as ways of conceptualising the relationship and conflicts between the Teutonic Knights and the pagan or apostate people in Livonia. It asks which consequences the framing of the host-guest relations might have had for the self-comprehension of the chronicle’s author and his audience. The analysis of the chronicle is pursued along three lines: the first focuses on the questions of chivalry, courtesy, and conversion; the second explores different renditions of a miracle story of inhospitality from the 1220s; the third focuses on the conceptual metaphors of hospitality as a way in which the Teutonic Knights accommodated their adversaries’ viewpoints. In its conclusions, the article argues how a broad focus on the institutions, concepts, and discourses of hospitality can help account for both confrontational and amicable attitudes between the colonisers and the colonised both on the Baltic frontier and among other European frontier societies.</p
