1,721,018 research outputs found
theoretische Bezüge, Forschungsmethodik und wirtschaftliche Praktikabilität eines beziehungsdiagnostischen Konstrukts
No full textSoftcover, 515 S.: 32,00 €Softcover, 17x24Sozialperspektivität bezeichnet die menschliche Fähigkeit, zwischen der eigenen Sicht und dem Blick anderer zu wechseln, somit Metaperspektiven einzunehmen und die verschiedenen (vermuteten) Sichtweisen aufeinander zu beziehen. Die Einnahme von Metaperspektiven und die Perspektivenreflexion sind Voraussetzungen für sozial intelligentes Handeln. Wer weiß, wie sich die Welt in den Augen des Interaktionspartners darstellt, kann dessen Handlungsbereitschaften antizipieren und diese bei der eigenen Handlungsplanung strategisch berücksichtigen. Micha Strack stellt im vorliegenden Band den Diskussionsstand zur Sozialperspektivität in der aktuellen psychologischen Forschung vor, ergänzt diesen durch eigene empirische Studien und zeigt die Einsatzmöglichkeiten in der Wirtschafts- und Sozialpsychologie auf.Social perspective defines the human skill of changing between the point of view of oneself and the other. It takes meta-perspectives and applies them to the different (suspected) point of views. If one knows how the interaction-partner sees the world, one can assume the partner´s willingness to act and consider it for one´s own plan of action
Personal and situational values predict ethical reasoning
No full textIn interpersonal value conflicts ethical principles are employed to justify own actions. However, there is competition among ethical principles. Therefore the preference for a specific ethical principle may be merely a function both of personal values and of the value-laden situations in which actions are made. A German sample of 132 partici-pants rated their agreement on ten justifications in seven experimentally constructed situations. The situations varied in their expression of values, organized by the value circle (Schwartz, 1992). The justifications assess five ethical principles (deontology, utilitarianism, partiality, hedonism, and intuitionism). Variance components of the agreement ratings were separated using GLM and plotted in the value circle. Preferences for ethical principles depended on both the value content of situations and the responder values. The Person x Situation interaction was not significant. The results illustrate the difficulties in gaining agreement on arguments among individuals with conflicting values
PERSON REPETITION NEGLECT WHILE VIEWING CONTINUOUS PICTORIAL NARRATIVES
No full textContinuous pictorial narratives (CPN) present protagonists repeatedly, yet adult viewers report seeing different persons instead. We presented 12 CPNs to 16 adults, whose oculomotor and verbal responses were continuously recorded. We addressed (a) the capability of instructions to compensate for lacking aesthetic fluency (Smith & Smith, 2006); (b) perceptual-cognitive processes accompanying Person Repetition Detection (PRD); (c) formal stimulus properties related with PRD. The results demonstrated that (a) search for presented persons especially similar to each other yielded more PRD than estimation of average age or aesthetic evaluation; (b) saccades between picture regions with repeated persons and PRDs were positively correlated; and (c) formal properties and PRD are not reliably correlated
Among a German Sample of Forensic Patients, Previous Animal Abuse Mediates Between Psychopathy and Sadistic Actions
No full textIn an attempt to explain the relationship between psychopathy and severe violent behavior, this study associates previous animal abuse, psychopathy, and sadistic acting in forensic patients. Two topics are addressed: (i) whether previous animal abuse can be identified by a patient's Psychopathy Checklist profile and (ii) whether animal abuse statistically mediates between psychopathy and sadistic acting. In a German forensic hospital, 60 patients were investigated. Animal abuse was assessed using face-to-face interviews and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV), and sadistic acting was identified by file records. Discriminant analysis separated previous animal abuse (10/60) by high adolescent antisocial behavior, superficiality, lack of remorse, lack of empathy, and grandiosity. The mediation from psychopathy to sadistic acting (6/60) through animal abuse was found to be complete. The results, although sample size is limited and base rate of animal abuse and sadistic acting are low, fit with a model suggestive of animal abuse as a causal step toward sadistic crimes. Animal abuse correlates with callous, unemotional traits, and a development of sadistic crimes.Westfalian Centre of Forensic Psychiatry-Eickelborn; FR
Cultural Value Differences, Value Stereotypes, and Diverging Identities in Intergroup Conflicts: The Estonian Example
No full textAn examination of the relationship between cultural values, value stereotypes and social identities in Estonia, where intergroup conflicts triggered riots in the capital Tallinn in April 2007, using data from the European Social Survey on cultural differences and value trends as the background to a survey exploring perceived group values and assessed social identities among ethnic Estonians and members of the Russian-speaking minority. The study, conducted in summer 2008, found agreement across both ethnic groups about the values of a typical group member, but no accuracy in their attribution. The Estonian students (n = 152) avoided Eastern-European identification, while the Russian-speaking students (n = 54) did not want to give up Estonia\’s Soviet past. We found that attributed rather than self-rated value differences between groups caused the conflicts, whilst diverging identities were found to make value stereotypes more extreme
Parental risk perception of mycotoxins and risk reduction behaviour
No full textPurpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the parental risk perception of mycotoxins (mould toxins) related to child health in Germany. It ascertains the parental risk reduction behaviour operationalised as parental additional willingness to pay (aWTP) for special child products. It investigates the interrelationships between parental risk perceptions and risk reduction behaviour. Design/methodology/approach - Altogether, 771 questionnaires were sent to 17 day-care centres in Lower Saxony, Germany. A total of 238 questionnaires were completed. The Perceived Food Risk Index was used to identify the main dimensions of parental risk perception of mycotoxins. Open and closed questions measured aWTP for risk reduction and parental risk estimates. Findings - The respondents believed that mycotoxins posed a moderate health risk for children in Germany. However, parental risk assessment was found to be subjected to an optimistic bias. Nevertheless, the parents were willing to pay a premium to protect their children's health against mycotoxins. Parental risk perception of mycotoxins could be described by two dimensions named "Dread" and "Control". "Dread" and "Control" predicted aWTP for risk reduction as well as being involved in the genesis of optimistic bias. Research limitations/implications - Information regarding mycotoxins provided in the questionnaire probably influenced parental responses. This limits the generalisation of the findings. Originality/value - This research provides initial findings regarding parental risk perceptions of mycotoxins and its impact on risk reduction behaviour. The results are useful for the development of effective risk management and thus for the protection of child health.Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxon
Familienbeziehungen, interpersonelle Probleme und Symptomausprägung bei Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa – Patientinnen und Schülerinnen im Vergleich
No full textZusammenhänge zwischen dysfunktionaler Familieninteraktion, interpersonellen Problemen, psychischer Symptombelastung und Essverhalten werden anhand einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe (N = 97 Schülerinnen) und zwei Patientinnengruppen einer Spezialambulanz für Essstörungen (N = 115 Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) , N = 101 Patientinnen mit Bulimia nervosa (BN) ) untersucht. Unter den Schülerinnen zeigte sich eine Prävalenz von 19,7 % klinisch auffälligen Essverhaltens. 32,3 % der Schülerinnen, 35,7 % der Patientinnen mit AN und 48,1 % der Patientinnen mit BN hatten sich schon mindestens einmal selbst verletzt. Alle verwendeten Inventare (EDE-Q, FB-A, IIP-C, BSI/SCL90-R) unterschieden die Patientinnen mit BN als gesonderte Gruppe von den Patientinnen mit AN und den Schülerinnen. Die Patientinnen mit BN waren im EDE-Q und in der SCL deutlich belasteter, die Familien wurden als dysfunktionaler und die interpersonellen Probleme als stärker eingeschätzt. Eine dysfunktionale Familieninteraktion und interpersonelle Probleme sagten die allgemeine psychische und die Essstörungsbelastung sowie das relative Wunschgewicht (als Abweichung vom tatsächlichen Gewicht) synergetisch vorher. Patientinnen mit AN scheinen sich und ihre sozialen Interaktionen in Selbstberichtsinstrumenten positiv darzustellen. Selbstverletzendes Verhalten wird ambesten durch eine hohe psychische Belastung vorhergesagt, die wiederum vom Zusammenwirken interpersoneller und familiärer Probleme abhängt. Es ist zu prüfen, ob spezifische Inventare für selbstverletzendes Verhalten ähnliche Prävalenzen in nicht-klinischen Schulstichproben zeigen. Dieses ist in der untersuchten Altersgruppe besonders zu fokussieren, ebenso gestörtes Essverhalten
Violence and Personality in Forensic Patients Is There a Forensic Patient-Specific Personality Profile?
No full textConcerning the discussion about the connection of personality traits, personality disorders, and mental illness, this study focused on the personality profiles of male forensic patients, prison inmates, and young men without criminal reports. The main topic centered on group-specific personality profiles and identifying personality facets corresponding with mental illness. The authors therefore used the Rasch model-based Trier Integrated Personality Inventory. They individually tested 141 German forensic patients with different crime backgrounds, 122 prison inmates, and 111 soldiers of the German army. Within group differences they found that the individuals with mental retardation differ from patients with a personality disorder or psychosis. Patients with mental retardation displayed higher neurotic and/or paranoid personality accents and tended to be low organized and self-confident
Measuring the Interest of German Students in Agriculture: the Role of Knowledge, Nature Experience, Disgust, and Gender
No full textModern knowledge-based societies, especially their younger members, have largely lost their bonds to farming. However, learning about agriculture and its interrelations with environmental issues may be facilitated by students' individual interests in agriculture. To date, an adequate instrument to investigate agricultural interests has been lacking. Research has infrequently considered students' interest in agricultural content areas as well as influencing factors on students' agricultural interests. In this study, a factorial design of agricultural interests was developed combining five agricultural content areas and four components of individual interest. The instrument was validated with German fifth and sixth graders (N = 1,085) using a variance decomposition confirmatory factor analysis model. The results demonstrated a second-order factor of general agricultural interest, with animal husbandry, arable farming, vegetable and fruit cropping, primary food processing, and agricultural engineering as discrete content areas of agricultural interest. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that prior knowledge, garden experience, and disgust sensitivity are predictors of general agricultural interest. In addition, gender influenced interest in four of the five agricultural content areas. Implications are directed at researchers, teachers, and environmental educators concerning how to trigger and develop pupils' agricultural interests
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