1,176 research outputs found
The role of risk management plays in reducing cybersecurity riskes in the Federal Government
No full textTechnology continues to play a vital role in our lives. The creation of the Internet has
changed the way we communicate, work, and live our daily lives. Technology has brought great
advancements but it is not without its risks. The federal government uses technology daily to
provide necessary resources to Americans and operate efficiently. The federal government
continues to be a target of attacks looking to compromise, steal or disrupt agency operations. The
federal government is under constant attack from internal cyber threats such as hackers and
script-kiddies, to nation-state actors such as advanced persistent threats (APTs). The purpose of
this systematic review was to examine the role risk-management plays in reducing cybersecurity
threats to the federal government in order to make recommendations to assist federal agencies in
addressing the growing cybersecurity risks.
The literature review examined the various threat actors including internal and external
threats that are facing organizations and the federal government. The various risk-management
approaches that could be used to handle risks were also examined.
The systematic review examined 45 articles related to the topic of cybersecurity risk, risk
management and the federal government. Through the examination of the articles selected, four
themes were discovered among the 45 articles and examined. The final chapter looked at
answering the proposed research question and looked at providing appropriate strategy and
recommendations to answer the research question.
The systematic review identified four themes throughout the 45 articles reviewed. The
four themes discovered were, cybersecurity risks pose a threat to the Federal Government,
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) will grow as a cybersecurity risk facing the Federal
Government, The critical infrastructure will continue to be targets of increased cybersecurity
threats, and lastly, cybersecurity mitigation strategy is not keeping pace with current
cybersecurity risks.
The final chapter looked at providing the four recommendations to address the findings
discovered throughout the literature. The first recommendation looked at establishing a tailored
risk management model (TRMM). The second recommendation looked the expansion of
advanced persistent threat (APTs) information sharing between agencies. The third
recommendation looked at increasing public/private critical infrastructure collaboration. Lastly,
the final recommendation looked at the increased collaboration of the Federal Government and
public industry to develop new risk mitigation strategies.CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT i
Abstract
Title of Dissertation: THE ROLE RISK MANAGEMNT PLAYS IN REDUCING CYBERSECUIRTY RISKS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Dissertation Author: Alexander Gregory Stone Doctor of Business Administration University of Maryland Global Campus, 2021
Dissertation Advisors: James Gelatt, Ph.D. and John Sherlock, Ed.D.
Technology continues to play a vital role in our lives. The creation of the Internet has changed the way we communicate, work, and live our daily lives. Technology has brought great advancements but it is not without its risks. The federal government uses technology daily to provide necessary resources to Americans and operate efficiently. The federal government continues to be a target of attacks looking to compromise, steal or disrupt agency operations. The federal government is under constant attack from internal cyber threats such as hackers and script-kiddies, to nation-state actors such as advanced persistent threats (APTs). The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the role risk-management plays in reducing cybersecurity threats to the federal government in order to make recommendations to assist federal agencies in addressing the growing cybersecurity risks. CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ii
The literature review examined the various threat actors including internal and external threats that are facing organizations and the federal government. The various risk-management approaches that could be used to handle risks were also examined. The systematic review examined 45 articles related to the topic of cybersecurity risk, risk management and the federal government. Through the examination of the articles selected, four themes were discovered among the 45 articles and examined. The final chapter looked at answering the proposed research question and looked at providing appropriate strategy and recommendations to answer the research question.
The systematic review identified four themes throughout the 45 articles reviewed. The four themes discovered were, cybersecurity risks pose a threat to the Federal Government, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) will grow as a cybersecurity risk facing the Federal Government, The critical infrastructure will continue to be targets of increased cybersecurity threats, and lastly, cybersecurity mitigation strategy is not keeping pace with current cybersecurity risks.
The final chapter looked at providing the four recommendations to address the findings discovered throughout the literature. The first recommendation looked at establishing a tailored risk management model (TRMM). The second recommendation looked the expansion of advanced persistent threat (APTs) information sharing between agencies. The third recommendation looked at increasing public/private critical infrastructure collaboration. Lastly, the final recommendation looked at the increased collaboration of the Federal Government and public industry to develop new risk mitigation strategies.
Keywords: Cybersecurity, Risk-Management, Systemic Review, Government, Threats CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT iii
THE ROLE RISK-MANAGEMENET PLAYS IN REDUCING CYBERSECUIRTY RISKS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
By
Alexander Gregory Stone
Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of Business,
University of Maryland Global Campus
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Business Administration 2021
CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT iv
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© Copyright by
Alexander Gregory Stone 2021 All Rights Reserved CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT v
Dedication
This dissertation is dedicated to the woman who has always believed and supported me through every step of this journey called life. My mother has been the guiding light in my darkest time and allowed me to shine my brightest through with her love and support. She has always valued the power of education and the doors it opens. Although she is not here to celebrate or watch me walk across the stage, I know she is always looking down on me. I love you mom!
CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT vi
Acknowledgements
When I first began my undergraduate degree in 2011, never did I imagine I would one day be completing my doctorate. I would like to first extend my gratitude and admiration to my dissertation committee. Dr. Gelatt, and Dr. Sherlock were instrumental in not only believing in me, but also pushing me past my own boundaries allowing me to push myself further then I could ever imagine. I would not be here today publishing this dissertation without their guidance and mentorship. I would also like to thank the other committee members for their guidance throughout the defense process.
I would also like to thank the Professors and Advisors who have taught me so much through the years here at University of Maryland Global Campus. I began my journey at UMGC in 2013 as a rising junior and continued through two masters and my doctorate. I would like to acknowledge the incredible education I have received here at UMGC thanks to the excellent faculty and staff.
If it were not for Montgomery College and the excellent foundation I was given, I would not have been able to pursue my doctorate today. I would like to acknowledge all my Professors and Advisors who have guided me throughout my journey at MC. I would especially like to thank Dr. Stempel, Professor Adler and Professor Baker for their guidance throughout my time at MC.
The countless friends I have made throughout my educational journey will not be forgotten. I would like to acknowledge all my classmates who have pushed me to reach higher than I could have ever imagined. CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT vii
Lastly, I could not have accomplished this degree without the love and support of my wife Sarah and my family. Thank you to my wife for putting up with the late nights and long weekends over the past few years and thank you to my family for always being there supporting me every step of the way.
CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT viii
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ i
THE ROLE RISK-MANAGEMENET PLAYS IN REDUCING CYBERSECUIRTY RISKS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT........................................................................................................... iii
Dedication ................................................................................................................................................... v
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................... vi
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ xi
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................ xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ...................................................................... 1
Background and Overview ......................................................................................................................... 1
Problem Statement and Significance of the Problem for Management and Scholarship .................... 2
Research Question ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Rationale for the Study ............................................................................................................................... 5
Definitions and Terminology ..................................................................................................................... 7
Organization of the Dissertation ................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................... 12
Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................................ 13
Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 14
Threat Overview ...................................................................................................................................... 15
External Threats .................................................................................................................................. 16
Domestic Threats ............................................................................................................................... 17
Foreign Threats ................................................................................................................................. 18
Natural Threats ................................................................................................................................. 19
Internal Threats ................................................................................................................................... 21
Malicious Insider ............................................................................................................................... 22
Accidental Insider .............................................................................................................................. 23
Masquerader Insider .......................................................................................................................... 23
Types of Risk-Management.................................................................................................................. 24
Risk Acceptance ................................................................................................................................ 25
Risk Avoidance .................................................................................................................................. 25
Risk Transfer ..................................................................................................................................... 26 CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ix
Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................................ 27
Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................................... 28
CHAPTER THREE: METHOD.............................................................................................................. 29
The Evidence-Based Research Framework ............................................................................................ 29
Systematic Review Process ................................................................................................................... 31
Research Question ................................................................................................................................... 32
Organization of search strategy ............................................................................................................... 33
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria ......................................................................................................... 34
Critical Evaluation ............................................................................................................................... 37
Coding Procedure ................................................................................................................................ 41
Synthesis of findings ............................................................................................................................. 42
Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 48
Review of Research Question ................................................................................................................... 48
Overview of search criteria ...................................................................................................................... 48
Coding Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 50
First Round ........................................................................................................................................... 50
Second Round ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Thematic Development ............................................................................................................................. 59
Theme 1: Cybersecurity risks pose threat to Federal Government ..................................................... 59
Theme 2: APT’s will grow as a cybersecurity risk ................................................................................. 62
Theme 3: Critical infrastructure targets increasing .............................................................................. 64
Theme 4: Cybersecurity mitigation strategy lack pace with risk ......................................................... 65
Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 66
CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 67
Summary of Findings ............................................................................................................................... 67
Implications for Management .................................................................................................................. 68
Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 69
Recommendation 1: Tailored Risk Management Model (TRMM) .................................................. 69
Recommendation 2: Expand APT information sharing .................................................................... 71
Recommendation 3: Increase public/private critical infrastructure collaboration ....................... 72
Recommendation 4: Collaborate with industry to develop new risk mitigation strategies ............ 73 CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT x
Limitations ................................................................................................................................................ 74
Future Research ....................................................................................................................................... 74
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 75
Summary ................................................................................................................................................... 76
References ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Appendix A Threat Types and Vectors .................................................................................................... 87
Appendix B Article Overviews ............................................................................................................... 114
Appendix C Executive Order 13626 ....................................................................................................... 129
Appendix D Treasury Advisory on Ransomware Payments ................................................................... 138
CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT xi
List of Figures
Figure 1 Contingency Management Theory Framework ......................................................................... 14
Figure 2 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................................... 28
Figure 3 Systematic Review Process ....................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4 Search Strings using Boolean Logic .......................................................................................... 34
Figure 5 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria ............................................................................................... 35
Figure 6 Diagram of PRISMA Model .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 7 Weight of Evidence (WoE) Criteria ........................................................................................... 38
Figure 8 CERQual Criteria ....................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 9 Articles Selected by Publication Year ....................................................................................... 49
Figure 10 Articles Average WoE Score ................................................................................................... 50
Figure 11 1st Round of Codes Identified ................................................................................................. 51
Figure 12 2nd Round of Coding............................................................................................................... 54
Figure 13 Thematic Development ............................................................................................................ 59
Figure 14 Average Cost Per Individual Data Type .................................................................................. 61
Figure 15 Johari Window of Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities .................................................................... 64
Figure 16 Tailored Risk Management Model (TRMM) .......................................................................... 70
CYBER RISK REDUCTION IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT xii
List of Tables
Table 1 Weight of Evidence Analysis ..........................................................................................
Studies in Platoʹs Phaedo: Approaches by Gregory Plastos, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Alexander Nehamas
No full textŠajā bakalaura darbā pievēršos trīs nozīmīgu 20. gadsimta Platona lasītāju - Gregorija Vlastosa, Hansa-Georga Gadamera un Aleksandra Nehamasa - tekstiem, kas veltīti Platona darbam Faidons. Darba pirmajās trīs nodaļās aplūkoju katra autora trīs Faidonu komentējošus tekstus, pieņēmumus, secinājumus un pieejas, kas tajos uzrādāmas, kā arī katra autora saistību ar Platona lasījumu tradīcijām. Ceturtajā nodaļā salīdzinu kopīgo un atšķirīgo Vlastosa, Gadamera un Nehamasa uzskatos un metodēs, bet darba noslēgumā sniedzu visu trīs autoru pieeju izvērtējumu. Darba ietvaros aplūkoju Gregorija Vlastosa darbus “Iemesli un cēloņi Faidonā”, “Piezīme par “pāviliskajām predikācijām” Platona darbos” un “Realitātes pakāpes Platona darbos”; Hansa-Georga Gadamera darbus “Nemirstības pierādījumi Platona Faidonā”, “Dzīvība un dvēsele: Faidons”, “Dvēsele starp dabu un garu”; Aleksandra Nehamasa rakstus “Predikācija un pretējību formas Faidonā”, “Platons par sajūtamās pasaules nepilnīgumu” un “Pašpredikācija un Platona formu teorija”.This bachelor’s thesis is dedicated to the works by Gregory Vlastos, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Alexander Nehamas - three significant figures in 20th century Plato scholarship - which specifically deal with Plato’s Phaedo. The first three chapters of the work give an overview of three commentaries on Phaedo by each author as well as their assumptions, conclusions, distinct approaches and ties to different traditions of Plato’s interpretation. The fourth chapter compares the similarities and differences between the views and methods of Vlastos, Gadamer, and Nehamas, but the evaluation of the three approaches is provided in the conclusion of the work. The works analyzed are “Reasons and Cause in the Phaedo”, “A Note on “Pauline Predications” in Plato”, “Degrees of Reality in Plato” by Gregory Vlastos; “Proofs of Immortality in Plato’s Phaedo”, “Life and Soul: The Phaedo”, “Soul between Nature and Spirit” by Hans-Georg Gadamer; “Predication and Forms of Opposites in the Phaedo”, “Plato on the Imperfection of the Sensible World”, “Self-Predication and Plato’s Theory of Forms” by Alexander Nehamas
City and country: the historical evolution of urban-rural systems/ Alexander R. Thomas and Gregory M. Fulkerson.
No full textIncludes bibliographical references and index."City and Country traces the evolution of urban-rural systems 7,000 years ago into the modern global order and argues that at the heart of the logic of capitalism is an even deeper logic: urbanization is based on urban dependency"--Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Note on Biblical Quotes -- Preface -- Introduction -- Three Paradigms -- Environmental Demography -- Multidisciplinary Approaches -- Social Structuralism and Urbanormativity -- The Book -- Part I: The Environmental Demography of Urban-Rural Systems -- Chapter 1: Environmental Demography and Urban-Rural Systems -- Complex Adaptive Systems -- The World-System as a Complex System -- Humans as Biologically Adaptive -- Humans as Socially Adapted -- Complex Adaptive Urban-Rural SystemsChapter 2: Classical Urban-Rural Theory -- First Wave Theories: Political Economy and Economic Geography -- Second Wave Theories: Culture and Complex Adaptive Systems -- Third Wave Theories: Spatial Organization and Rural-Urban Comparisons -- Chapter 3: Contemporary Urban-Rural Theory -- Evolutionary, Functionalist, and Modernization Theories -- The Political Economy Resurgence -- Turn of the Millennium Developments -- Conclusion: Status of Urban-Rural Theory -- Part II: From the Near East to the Northeast -- From the Near East to the Northeast -- Chapter 4: In the BeginningOld Stone Age: The Paleolithic -- New Stone Age: The Neolithic -- The Stone Ages in Context -- Chapter 5: Emerging Urban-Rural Systems -- The Pottery Window into Culture -- Complex Society and Emerging Urban-Rural Systems -- Uruk and the First Cities -- The World-System as Urban-Rural System -- Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 6: History Begins -- The "System" Already Existed! -- Cities and Urbanization -- City-States and Empires -- Egyptian Emergence and Expansion -- Expanding Political Economies -- Cultural Continuities in Religious Belief -- A Multicultural CultureEncoding Social Structure -- Chapter 7: Collapse or Continuity? -- The Great Catastrophe -- Independence from Colonizers -- The Rise of Assyria -- The Mediterranean World Takes Form -- Collapse and Reemergence -- Chapter 8: Dynamics Culminating -- Urban-Rural Dynamics and the Roman Empire -- Another World-System -- The Golden Age -- Anatomy of Collapse -- Barbarians (Finally) -- A New Plague -- Urban-Rural Dynamics Writ Large -- Chapter 9: World System -- A New Center -- A New Periphery -- Explorers and Slaves -- A New World -- Integration -- Origins of the Modern World-System? -- ConclusionPart III: New York's Urban-Rural System -- Chapter 10: Fur -- Feudal Manors -- New York Cities -- The First American Industrial Revolution -- Breaks in the Transportation Network -- The Utica Urban-Rural System -- New York Water -- Growing a Major City -- Chapter 11: Growing the City -- Growth of the City -- Long Island -- Assessing the Pattern -- New York's Hinterland -- New York's Urban-Rural System -- Growing New York (State and City) -- Chapter 12: Change amid Growth -- Systemic Change at Lower Levels -- Restructuring East-Central New York I -- Restructuring East-Central New York II1 online resource
Carbon nanotube composite scaffolds for differentiation of human neural stem cells
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The role risk-management plays in reducing insider threat’s in the federal Government
No full textToday, organizations face a growing cybersecurity threats to their IT infrastructure. The ever expanding remote-workforce has made the risk of insider-threats even more dangerous. How can organizations be better prepared to handle the risk of the next insider-threat? The Federal Government is no different, as one of the largest employer’s in the world, the growing risk of an insider-threat is always present. In a systematic review, the evidence will identify how Federal agencies can utilize risk-management to be better prepared to combat an insider-threat. Recommendations will be made to help Federal agencies be on the lookout for the next viable insider-threat.</p
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