1,721,288 research outputs found
From Neighbourhood and Health Research to Health Promotion Practice
No full textResearch on neighbourhood and health requires a collective response to be useful. Whilst drawing on conclusions on neighbourhood and health research, this chapter analyses how this research can inform policy and health promotion practice based on the five action areas outlined by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It gives some examples of existing or ongoing programmes to reduce health inequities between deprived and non-deprived neighbourhoods. Whilst the ultimate aim of health promotion efforts at neighbourhood level would be the healthy neighbourhood, the organising framework becomes complex and involves material and infrastructural neighbourhood features as well as the collective social functioning and practices of neighbourhoods. The strategies of the Ottawa Charter address all these areas. Programmes that involve most of the strategies and are long term have the best chance to achieve sustainable effects but require organised intersectoral collaboration between policy makers, urban planners, health and welfare service providers, educational institutions, private businesses and retailers, public health experts and community organisations.</p
Neighbourhood Structure and Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Implications for Prevention
No full textWhile alcohol use among youth has remained relatively stable over the last 10 years, illicit drug use has shown an increase, particularly among Eastern European countries. Factors influencing alcohol and other drug (AOD) use include gender, ethnicity and religious affiliation, personality characteristics, socio-economic status as well as family structure and social networks. While AOD research to date has broadly concentrated on studying such risk factors at the micro- and meso-level, research on the influences of the more remote social environments, the exosystem, such as neighbourhoods still is less common. Research on neighbourhood influences on AOD use has identified factors such as neighbourhood deprivation, neighbourhood disorganisation and disorder, social inequality in the neighbourhood, neighbourhood social norms as well as the availability of AOD as factors influencing use. Overall, one can conclude from this research that several characteristics of neighbourhoods have an impact on AOD use. This influence, however, is modest in comparison to the more proximal predictors of AOD use such as individual factors and the immediate social environment of families and peers. The effects of neighbourhood characteristics on drug use also show conflicting results and suggest a complex interplay between contextual influences, intermediate factors and individual behaviour.</p
Neighbourhood structure and health promotion: an introduction
No full textA growing body of literature suggests that neighbourhood context may affect human behaviour both of adults and adolescents. It has been hypothesised that socially disadvantaged areas may induce health risks either directly or through health behaviour and lifestyles, because they are likely to have poorer social and material infrastructure and resources although varying by the resource and national context. Beyond neighbourhood features resulting from social deprivation, it is also relevant to determine which characteristics of the built environment encourage or discourage healthy lifestyles such as parks and green spaces, traffic infrastructure, and housing characteristics. While geographic information system can be used to receive objective data on the built environment and neighbourhood structure, individuals’ perceptions of their environment are also important to understand their lifestyle choices. Therefore data on subjective factors, such as peoples’ perceptions (e.g. the extent to which it is attractive and safe) of their neighbourhood and the quality of facilities that might encourage them to develop and maintain health-relevant behaviours, are also highly relevant
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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