1,721,688 research outputs found
ESG ratings explainability through machine learning techniques
No full textEnvironmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores are quantitative assessments of companies' commitment to sustainability that have become extremely popular tools in the financial industry. However, transparency in the ESG assessment process is still far from being achieved. In fact there is no full disclosure on how the ratings are computed. As a matter of fact, rating agencies determine ESG ratings (as a function of the E, S and G scores) through proprietary models which public knowledge is limited to what the data provider effectively chooses to disclose, that, in many cases, is restricted only to the main ideas and essential principles of the procedure. The goal of this work is to exploit machine learning techniques to shed light on the ESG ratings issuance process. In particular, we focus on the Refinitiv data provider, widely used both from practitioners and from academics, and we consider white-box and black-box mathematical models to reconstruct the E, S, and G ratings' assessment model. The results show that it is possible to replicate the underlying assessment process with a satisfying level of accuracy, shedding light on the proprietary models employed by the data provider. However, there is evidence of persisting unlearnable noise that even more complex models cannot eliminate. Finally, we consider some interpretability instruments to identify the most important factors explaining the ESG ratings
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Sviluppo fonetico e acquisizione lessicale: l’emergere della fonologia dell’italiano in una prospettiva interlinguistica
No full textNelle fasi iniziali dello sviluppo del linguaggio, l’insorgere dell’influenza linguo-specifica e le modalità con cui essa si manifesta, costituiscono un aspetto aperto alla verifica sperimentale, in prospettiva interlinguistica. E’ possibile affermare che si è in presenza di influenze linguo-specifiche solo se, data una serie di gruppi di parlanti appartenenti ad ambienti linguistici diversi, le differenze tra tali gruppi sono maggiori delle differenze riscontrabili all’interno di ogni singolo gruppo, e se tali differenze riflettono i patterns caratteristici di ciascuna lingua (Boysson-Bardies, Vihman, Roug-Hellichius, Durand, Landberg, Arao, 1992). Stabilire le relazioni tra le strutture fonetiche e fonotattiche presenti nel babbling dei bambini cresciuti in ambienti linguistici diversi e quelle presenti nelle diverse lingue materne, per distinguere tra proprietà universali e proprietà linguospecifiche, è una strategia di ricerca che per esempio ha portato Vihman & Boysson-Bardies (1994) a individuare un’influenza positiva della lingua nativa già a 9-10 mesi, allorché i foni nativi aumentano, e un’influenza negativa a partire dai 12 mesi circa, quando i foni non nativi diminuiscono.
Il presente studio, che fa parte di un progetto di ricerca più ampio incentrato sulle produzioni linguistiche di bambini italiani dai 6 ai 27 mesi di vita, ri-analizza i dati sulla frequenza relativa dei tipi sillabici e dei foni consonantici raccolti dal primo autore (cfr. Zmarich e Miotti, 2003; Zmarich, Stocco, Minozzi, Bonifacio, 2005) in studi precedenti su un gruppo di 4 bambini (due maschi e due femmine, esaminati a 10, 12, 14, 16 e 18 mesi di vita). In particolare, mentre negli studi precedenti i dati fonetici erano stati descritti e spiegati in relazione all’età cronologica, nel presente studio sono messi in relazione a quattro stadi di produzione lessicale, riconosciuti in letteratura (Boysson-Bardies et al., 1992): il cosiddetto stadio delle 0 parole (da 0 a 3 parole), quello delle 4 parole (da 4 a 14), delle 15 parole (da 15 a 24), e delle 25 parole (da 25 a 50), integrati con i dati di una bambina analizzata in relazione agli stadi lessicali da Giulivi, Zmarich, Vayra e Farnetani (2006). Al fine di identificare nel modo più adeguato i tempi e le modalità del processo di “sintonizzazione” sulla fonologia dell’italiano adulto, i risultati sono stati confrontati sia con i dati relativi alle frequenze di occorrenza delle caratteristiche fonetiche del lessico italiano infantile e adulto (cfr. Zmarich, Dispaldro, Rinaldi, Caselli, in questo volume), sia con i dati relativi alle frequenze di occorrenza dei segmenti, ordinati in riferimento agli stadi di parola, prodotti da quattro gruppi di bambini coetanei di quelli del presente studio e provenienti da comunità di lingua madre inglese, francese, svedese e giapponese (cinque bambini per gruppo) (Boysson-Bardies & Vihman 1991; Vihman, 1993).
I risultati preliminari qui presentati consentono comunque di affermare che nello stadio finale delle 25 parole, le differenze fonetiche fra i gruppi linguistici nazionali sono maggiori delle differenze all’interno di ogni singolo gruppo, e nella maggior parte dei casi riflettono i patterns fonetico-fonologici caratteristici di ciascuna lingu
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