1,721,030 research outputs found
Puberty and body image
No full textBu makale Eric Stice’nin yazılı izni ile Eylül Şenyürek tarafından orjinal dilinden Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir. Makalenin orijinal künyesi: Stice, Eric (2003). “Puberty and Body Image”, Gender Differences at Puberty, Chris Hayward (ed.), Cambridge University Press, ss. 61-76.Erinlik, gelişimde bir benzeri olmayan çarpıcı fizyolojik değişimler sürecini temsil etmektedir (Connolly, Paikoff ve Buchanan, 1996). Beklendiği üzere bu gelişimsel süreç gençlerin psikolojik fonksiyonlarına yoğun etki etmektedir. Erinlik döneminde gerçekleşen en etkili değişimlerden biri, kişinin bedeni üzerindeki bilişsel ve duygusal algılarını ifade eden beden imajında olmaktadır. Beden imajındaki değişimler özellikle dikkat çekicidir; çünkü belirli cinsiyet farklılıklarını kapsamaktadır. Beden memnuniyetsizliği beden imajı bozukluklarının en yaygın incelenen boyutudur, ki toplumun büyük bir katmanına sıkıntı vermekte ve yeme bozuklukları, anksiyete, depresyon, düşük özsaygı ve gereksiz estetik ameliyatlar gibi birtakım olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır (Thompson, vd., 1999). Bu bölümün amacı, (1) erinlikte beden imajı algısındaki cinsiyet farklılıklarını, (2) sosyokültürel faktörlerin bu süreç üzerindeki etkilerini, (3) beden imajındaki değişimlerin daha kapsamlı psikolojik gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini ve (4) bu konudaki literatürün sınırlılıklarını tartışmaktır
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A longitudinal study of risk factors for adolescent depression : gender differences and pathways of risk
Full text linktextDespite consistent evidence that adolescent girls are at greater risk for developing depression than adolescent boys (Ge, Lorenz, Conger, & Elder, 1994; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1987, 1990; Weissman, Leaf, Holzer, Myers, & Tischler, 1984), and that women continue to predominate among depressed adults throughout the lifespan (Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer & Nelson, 1993), few studies have examined the etiologic risk factors that predict depression for adolescent girls using a prospective design or examined differential processes of risk in a sample of adolescent girls and boys. Furthermore, although a number of variables have been implicated as risk factors for depressive symptoms or onset of depression among adolescents, some methodological limitations exist. The objective of this research was to examine a set of risk factors suspected to predict depression in adolescents, and to test whether gender moderates these relations. Secondly, this study examined a set of risk factors proposed by the gender additive model of depression (Stice et al., 2000; Stice & Bearman, 2001) that attempts to partially explain the increased prevalence of depressive symptoms in adolescent girls compared to boys. Finally, exploratory classification tree analyses tested for interactions between risk factors that might signal differential pathways to depression. This research provides insight into the etiology of adolescent depression as well as the disparate rate of depression among adolescent girls versus boys, and also provides direction for identifying high-risk individuals and developing effective prevention programs.Psycholog
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The effects of dieting as usual on weight change and bulimic pathology: experimental evidence
Full text linktextConcerns that dieting increases the risk for bulimia nervosa have prompted criticism of this practice; however, recent experimental studies suggest that dieting results in weight loss and decreased bulimic symptoms. Because the dieting manipulated in these experiments may be unrepresentative of real-world weight-loss dieting, 122 intermittent dieters were randomized to either diet as they usually do for weight loss or eat as they do when not dieting for four weeks to provide a more ecologically valid experimental test of these effects. Results indicated that individuals in the diet as usual condition slowed the weight gain trajectory shown by non-dieting participants, but did not result in significant weight loss. These findings imply that most dieters may simply be curbing a general tendency to overeat when attempting to diet, and that dieters may be eating less than they desire rather than reducing their intake sufficiently to produce a negative energy balance. Although there was no significant main effect of the dieting manipulation on change in bulimic symptoms, dieting as usual significantly decreased bulimic symptoms for participants reporting low depressive symptoms. Results suggest that self-initiated weight loss dieters are relatively ineffective at achieving sustained reductions in caloric intake, and may help explain several discrepancies in the literature. These findings do not provide any evidence for the hypothesis that dieting contributes to increased risk for bulimic symptoms, and instead indicate that we should seek to assist individuals in effective and healthy means of weight control, and identify depressive symptoms that may interfere with successful dietary control.Psycholog
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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The role of exposure to media-idealized male physiques on men's body image
Full text linktextAlthough numerous laboratory studies have tested sociocultural models of body
image disturbance among females by experimentally exposing participants to mass media
image of hyper-thin female models, few controlled studies have examined the possible
effects of exposure to images of hyper-lean and muscular males on male body image.
This study employed experimental methodology to assess effects of exposure to media
portrayals of hyper-lean and muscular male images on body image in men (N = 110).
Dependent variables included muscle satisfaction, body fat satisfaction, attitudes about
anabolic steroid use, ideal fat-free mass, ideal waist-to-hip ratio, and chest-to-waist ratio
self-estimates. Relative to a pre-test and control condition, viewing the mass media
‘ideal’ physiques resulted in significant decreases in muscle and body fat satisfaction, and
in endorsement of body ideals higher in fat-free mass. Variables hypothesized to
moderate effects included drive for muscularity, social comparison, pre-test body ideals,
and sexual orientation. Moderator analyses yielded few significant effects, and the
likelihood that these represent Type I errors is discussed.Psycholog
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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The Healthy Image Partnership (HIP) Parents Program: the role of parental involvement in eating disorder prevention
Full text linktextAfflicting 16% of adolescent girls, threshold or subthreshold bulimia nervosa is one of
the most common psychiatric problems facing this population. Research suggests that an
adolescent’s body image and dieting behaviors are closely related to those of her parents.
Guided by the literature on the inclusion of parents in drug use and obesity prevention
programs, the current study assessed the impact of educating parents as mental health
agents in the pursuit of reducing the perceived sociocultural pressure to be thin, thin-ideal
internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting behaviors, negative affect and bulimic
pathology of their adolescent daughters and improving parent-daughter communication.
81 parents of middle school girls with body image concerns were randomly assigned to
either the Healthy Image Partnership (HIP) Parents Program or to a measurement-only
waitlist condition. Parents assigned to the HIP Parents Program attended three weekly
90-minute workshops designed to facilitate; a) greater differentiation of the thin-ideal and
the healthy-ideal; b) increased understanding of the ways parents communicate the thin-ideal
to their daughters and; c) alternatives to these interactions and discourses, so as to
help these parents to help their daughters improve their body image. The findings
provided evidence that the HIP Parents Program reduced parent participants’ thin-ideal
internalization, body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviors as compared to the waitlist
condition, with the first two of these reductions persisting at the 3-month follow-up
assessment point. Results also indicated that daughter participants evidenced significant
reductions in thin-ideal internalization, dieting behaviors and bulimic symptoms, though
these effects did not reach significance across condition. Findings suggest that this
intervention did not significantly improve communication between parents and daughters
nor did it decrease negative affect among participants. Parents participating in the HIP
Parents Program did report significant reductions in applied pressure to be thin, though
these reductions did not reach significance across condition. Contrary to hypotheses,
daughters of these participants did not report reductions in perceived pressure to be thin.
The significant yet modest results of this three-session workshop represent a much needed
first step in the direction of providing wrap-around programs for the prevention of
eating disorders in adolescent females.Educational Psycholog
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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