1,720,981 research outputs found
Big data, AI, and proxy discrimination: a review of Professor Margarida Lima Rego’s ‘dissent’ on insurance discrimination bans
No full textIn July 2021, Professor Margarida Lima Rego delivered a presentation on her dissent from discrimination bans in insurance. Since the 2011 ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union in Test Achats, it has been settled that the use of statistical discrimination within the European Union is prohibited. Dissenting from this approach, Professor Lima Rego proposes a more nuanced approach to statistical discrimination. Instead, she advances a twofold test to distinguish between admissible and inadmissible forms of discrimination. Within her dissent, Professor Lima Rego notes how the rise of AI and big data is changing insurance practice and shifting questions about the acceptability of statistical discrimination. This paper will provide a review of Professor Lima Rego’s dissent and elaborate on her claims that AI and big data are changing the kinds of discrimination we see in insurance. Specifically, it will explain the concept of “proxy discrimination” which is likely to occur when machine-learning algorithms are used. This kind of proxy discrimination is exceedingly difficult to detect and manage under discrimination law. In recognition of this, this paper will explore whether the balanced approach proposed by Professor Lima Rego would be more appropriate to regulate the changing nature of insurance discrimination
Using contracts as governance tools to achieve public objectives: a case study on solid bulk cargo liquefaction
No full textLaw and risk regulation: a case study on solid bulk cargo liquefaction
No full textSolid bulk cargo liquefaction is a major concern to the shipping industry. The phenomenon occurs when granular cargoes with excessive moisture contents turn from a solid to liquid-like state during shipment. This can threaten the vessel’s stability, potentially causing it to capsize. To mitigate this danger, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code in 2011, containing procedures which promote the safe shipment of solid bulk cargoes. Despite these efforts, solid bulk cargo liquefaction remains the leading cause of fatalities on bulk carriers. Although responsible for less than 15% of bulk carrier losses between 2014 and 2023, solid bulk cargo liquefaction was the cause of over 61% of deaths on bulk carriers during that same period. This thesis argues that the prevalence of the risk is partly due to the limitations in the IMSBC Code’s implementation and enforcement. Weak enforcement mechanisms, combined with a disconnect between public regulation and shipping practices, have potentially hindered the Code’s overall success. These limitations highlight the broader challenges faced by international law in addressing complex global risks. To address these challenges, this thesis proposes a collaborative governance scheme which integrates public regulation with private governance. This approach uses the strengths of both public regulation and private governance to compensate for each other’s shortfalls. Specifically, it argues that public regulation can be used to make legitimate safety standards, whereas private governance can be used to implement and enforce those standards. Therefore, this thesis explores how these strengths can be realised. It examines how international organizations can create safety standards that effectively address risks whilst also promoting compliance. In particular, it investigates whether the decision-making processes employed by the IMO achieve these benefits. On the private governance side, this thesis assesses how contractual agreements can be used to implement and enforce IMO safety standards, identifying key contractual relationships that could serve as governance mechanisms to enforce the IMSBC Code. The collaborative governance model developed in this thesis can be adapted to address complex regulatory risks beyond solid bulk cargo liquefaction. The broader applications of the approach can be explored in future research. <br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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