1,720,957 research outputs found
Cumulative carbon dioxide emissions and climate policy
No full textCarbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted into the atmosphere due to human activities have caused the Earth's incoming and outgoing energy to become unbalanced. As a consequence, the global average temperature is rising, with substantial and long-term impacts on the physical and biological environment. Climate change is generally addressed in the context of reducing GHG emissions. Current policies developed worldwide make reference to total equivalent CO2 emissions, with contributions from both industrial activities and biological sources. Recent studies point out the importance of considering cumulative equivalent CO2 emissions as the relevant quantity for addressing global temperature rise and setting up appropriate targets. This paper discusses the issues related to cumulative equivalent CO2 emissions with reference to recent literature papers and documents, highlighting the need for setting effective targets for climate change mitigation
Effectiveness of setting cumulative carbon dioxide emissions reduction targets
No full textIn current policies, targets for GHG (greenhouse gas) and more specifically CO2 emissions are set on the basis of annual emissions. However, warming effects associated with global average temperature rise depend on accumulation of GHG in the atmosphere. Due to the quantity and longevity of CO2 in the atmosphere there is increasing awareness that taking into account cumulative CO2 emissions in defining targets for restraining the growth of CO2 emissions would be particularly effective. The notion of effectiveness is linked to measuring the degree of achievement of the objectives. Considering CO2 emissions targets set over a few decades, the path of emissions reduction contains relevant information that cannot be captured by a classical measure like the distance to the target. The main contribution of this paper is the definition of an original measure of carbon dioxide reduction effectiveness, which allows comparison of specified CO2 reduction paths expressed in deterministic or probabilistic ways. Appropriate metrics are used to illustrate the proposed measure which in particular captures the importance of early action. The c0 measure is applied to simple what-if scenarios for the EU27 electricity and heat sector to 2050, evaluating the impact of each scenario with respect to a reference case
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
No full text“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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