572 research outputs found
A Spin Wave Based Approximate 4:2 Compressor Seeking the most energy-efficient digital computing paradigm
No full textsponsorship: This work received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program within the Future and Emerging Technologies Open project Spin Wave Computing for Ultimately-Scaled Hybrid Low-Power Electronics, under grant 801055. It has also been partially supported by IMEC's industrial affiliate program on beyond-CMOS logic. Frederic Vanderveken acknowledges financial support from Flanders Research Foundation through grant 1S05719N. (European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program within the Future and Emerging Technologies Open project Spin Wave Computing for Ultimately-Scaled Hybrid Low-Power Electronics|801055, IMEC's industrial affiliate program on beyond-CMOS logic, Flanders Research Foundation|1S05719N)status: Publishe
Non-Binary Spin Wave Based Circuit Design
No full textBy their very nature, Spin Waves (SWs) excited at the same frequency but different amplitudes, propagate through waveguides and interfere with each other at the expense of ultra-low energy consumption. In addition, all (part) of the SW energy can be moved from one waveguide to another by means of coupling effects. In this paper we make use of these SW features and introduce a novel non Boolean algebra based paradigm, which enables domain conversion free ultra-low energy consumption SW based computing. Subsequently, we leverage this computing paradigm by designing a non-binary spin wave adder, which we validate by means of micro-magnetic simulation. To get more inside on the proposed adder potential we assume a 2-bit adder implementation as discussion vehicle, evaluate its area, delay, and energy consumption, and compare it with conventional SW and 7 nm CMOS counterparts. The results indicate that our proposal diminishes the energy consumption by a factor of 3.14 × and 6 ×, when compared with the conventional SW and 7 nm CMOS functionally equivalent designs, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed non-binary adder implementation requires the least number of devices, which indicates its potential for small chip real-estate realizations.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Computer EngineeringQuantum & Computer Engineerin
Spin Wave Based Approximate Computing
No full textBy their very nature Spin Waves (SWs) enable the realization of energy efficient circuits, as they propagate and interfere within waveguides without consuming noticeable energy. However, SW computing can be even more energy efficient by taking advantage of the approximate computing paradigm as many applications, e.g., multimedia and social media, are error-tolerant. In this paper, we propose an ultra-low energy Approximate Full Adder (AFA) and an Approximate 2-bit inputs Multiplier (AMUL). AFA consists of one Majority gate whereas AMUL is built by means of 3 AND gates. We validate the correct functionality of our proposal by means of micromagnetic simulations and evaluate AFA's figures of merit against state-of-the-art accurate SW, 7nm CMOS, Spin Hall Effect (SHE), Domain Wall Motion (DWM), accurate and approximate 45nm CMOS, Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), and Spin-CMOS FA implementations. Our results indicate that AFA consumes 38% and 6% less energy than state-of-the-art accurate SW and 7nm CMOS FA implementations, respectively. Moreover, it saves 56% and 20% energy when compared with accurate and approximate 45nm CMOS counterparts, respectively. Furthermore, it provides 2 orders of magnitude energy reduction when compared with accurate SHE, accurate and approximate DWM, MTJ, and Spin-CMOS, counterparts. In addition, it achieves the same error rate as approximate 45nm CMOS and Spin-CMOS FAs whereas it exhibits 50% less error rate than the approximate DWM FA. Last but not least, it outperforms its contenders in terms of area by saving at least 29% chip real-estate. AMUL is evaluated and compared with state-of-the-art SW and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate designs. The evaluation results indicate that AMUL energy consumption is at least 2.8x and 2.6x smaller than the one of state-of-the-art SW and 16nm CMOS accurate and approximate designs, respectively. AMUL has an error rate of 25%, whereas the approximate CMOS multiplier has an error rate of 38%, and requires at least 64% less chip real-estate than the CMOS counterpart.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.Computer EngineeringQuantum & Computer Engineerin
Spin Wave Based 4-2 Compressor
No full textBy their very nature, Spin Waves (SWs) consume ultra-low amounts of energy, which makes them suitable for ultra-low energy consumption applications. In addition, a compressor can be utilized to further reduce the energy consumption and enhance the speed of a multiplier. Therefore, we propose a novel energy efficient SW based 4-2 compressor consisting of 4 XOR gates and 2 Majority gates. The proposed compressor is validated by means of micromagnetic simulations and compared with the state-of-the-art SW, 22 nm CMOS, Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ), Domain Wall Motion (DWM), and Spin-CMOS technologies. The performance evaluation shows that the proposed compressor consumes 2.5x less and 1.25× less energy than the 22 nm CMOS and the conventional SW compressor, respectively, whereas it consumes at least 3 orders of magnitude less energy than the MTJ, DWM, and Spin-CMOS designs. Furthermore, the compressor achieves the smallest chip real-estate. In summary, the performance evaluation of our proposed compressor shows that the SW technology has the potential to progress the state-of-the-art circuit design in terms of energy consumption and scalability.Accepted author manuscriptComputer EngineeringQuantum & Computer Engineerin
Onderzoek naar de toepasbaarheid van offshore golfbrekers langs de Nederlandse kust
No full textAllereerst worden in een korte probleem-analyse de belangrijkste elementen voor het gevraagde onderzoek uiteengezet (hoofdstuk 2), resulterend in een pakket van eisen waaraan enerzijds de constructie in principe zal moeten voldoen en anderzijds de (potentiële) lokatie(s). In het daarop volgende hoofdstuk 3 wordt een voorstel gedaan ten aanzien van de mogelijke plaatsen langs de Nederlandse kust waar dit golfbreker-concept succesvol kan zijn en de hieruit te selecteren voorbeeld-lokaties. Na overleg met de door TAW-C aangewezen begeleidingsgroep zijn drie nader uit te werken voorbeeld-lokaties vastgesteld. Voor dit drietal is onderzocht wat het effect van offshore golfbrekers kan zijn. Hiertoe is eerst ingegaan op de achtergronden van een dergelijke toepassing en de effecten die hiervan het gevolg kunnen zijn (hoofdstuk 4), gevolgd door de meer specifieke ontwerp-parameters voor de golfbrekers zelf (hoofdstuk 5). In hoofdstuk 6 worden de randvoorwaarden per voorbeeld-lokatie bepaald. Op basis van deze informatie wordt vervolgens in hoofdstuk 7 overgegaan op de toepassing van de ontwerpregels voor Nederlandse omstandigheden, resulterend in initiële ontwerpen en de bepaling van de effecten. Op basis hiervan wordt een beoordeling gegeven ten aanzien van de toepassing van de vuistregels voor de Nederlandse condities, gevolgd door een bepaling van de morfologische effecten c.g. effectiviteit van de initiële ontwerpen (hoofdstuk 8). Hierna worden de ontwerpen constructief verder uitgewerkt (hoofdstuk 9), o.a. ten behoeve van de bepaling van de kosten en de algehele economische afweging (hoofdstuk 10). Tenslotte wordt dit rapport afgesloten met conclusies en aanbevelingen (hoofdstuk 11).TAW/EN
From Abolitionists to Fundamentalists: The transformation of the Wesleyan Methodists in the nineteenth and twentieth Centuries
No full textThis article analyzes the cultural trajectory of a small, but influential denomination that formed in 1843. Wesleyan Methodism first emerged as an abolitionist protest against the Methodist compromise with slavery. It drew in members who championed a range of antebellum social reforms, including abolitionism, pacifism, women’s rights, and temperance. By the early 20th century Wesleyans would become closely identified with fundamentalism, waging war against modernism, championing personal holiness, and maintaining a militant brand of protestant orthodoxy. This article places Wesleyans within a larger religious and cultural context of the Civil War era and the late 19th century disenchantment of the Gilded Age and Progressive Eras. It also traces the reasons for the Wesleyans shifting focus away from social reform and toward matters of personal holiness
2-output spin wave programmable logic gate
No full textThis paper presents a 2-output Spin-Wave Programmable Logic Gate structure able to simultaneously evaluate any pair of AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, and XNOR Boolean functions. Our proposal provides the means for fanout achievement within the Spin Wave computation domain and energy and area savings as two different functions can be simultaneously evaluated on the same input data. We validate our proposal by means of Object Oriented Micromagnetic Framework (OOMMF) simulations and demonstrate that by phase and magnetization threshold output sensing {AND, OR, NAND, NOR} and {XOR and XNOR} functionalities can be achieved, respectively. To get inside into the potential practical implications of our approach we use the proposed gate to implement a 3-input Majority gate, which we evaluate and compare with state of the art equivalent implementations in terms of area, delay, and energy consumptions. Our estimations indicate that the proposed gate provides 33% and 16% energy and area reduction, respectively, when compared with spin-wave counterpart and 42% energy reduction while consuming 12x less area when compared to a 15 nm CMOS implementation.Accepted author manuscriptComputer EngineeringQuantum & Computer Engineerin
Collaborative Reverse Engineering Design Experiment Using PLM Solutions
No full textThe current climate of economic competition forces businesses to adapt to the expectations of their customers. To achieve this, in spite of the increasing complexity of mechanical systems, it becomes necessary, amongst other things, to reduce design time. Faced with new challenges, practices in design training must evolve to allow students to be mindful of these evolutions as well as to be able to manage projects in these new work environments. After presenting a state of the art of collaborative tools used in product design, our paper presents an experiment focusing on the reverse engineering of a complex mechanical product. This experiment was carried out between two centers of the Arts et Métiers ParisTech School of Engineering, located in Paris and Angers.Weanalyze the results obtained in this experiment and propose a collaborative environment that is well suited to our needs for design education, based on ‘‘Product Lifecycle Managament’’ (PLM) concepts. Finally, we present some modifications in collaborative design courses for our students, and we implement network modifications in order to significantly improve the ease of use of the design environment
Does Anticipated Aggregate Demand Policy Matter? Further Econometric results.
No full textA heated debate has arisen over what Modigliani has dubbed the Macro Rational Expections (MRE) hypothesis. This hypothesis embodies two component hypotheses: 1) rational expectations and 2) short-run neutrality -- i.e., that anticipated changes in aggregate demand will have already been taken into account in economic agents' behavior and will thus evoke no output or employment response. Together these component hypotheses imply that deterministic feedback policy rules will have no effect on business cycle fluctuations. The irrelevance of these types of policy rules is inconsistent with much previous macro theorizing as well as with the views of policymakers. It is thus an extremely controversial proposition which requires a wide range of empirical research. This paper is a sequel to a previous paper by the author. That paper developed a methodology for testing the MRE hypothesis and found that anticipated money growth does matter to the business cycle. This paper extends the analyses to cases where the rate of nominal GNP growth or the inflation rate, rather than money growth, is the aggregate demand variable. The empirical results are also negative on the MRE hypothesis and its corresponding policy ineffectiveness proposition.
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