31 research outputs found
The Gender Pay Gap Revisited: Does Machine Learning offer New Insights?
No full textThis paper analyses gender differences in pay at the mean as well as along the wage distribution in Germany. We estimate the adjusted gender pay gap applying a machine learning method (post-double-LASSO procedure). Comparing results from this method to conventional models in the literature, we find that the estimated gap differs substantially depending on the approach used. The main reason is that the machine learning approach selects numerous interactions and second-order polynomials as well as different covariates at various points of the distribution. This insight suggests that more flexible specifications are needed to estimate gender differences in pay more appropriately
Understanding the public-private sector wage gap in Germany: New evidence from a Fixed Effects quantile Approach
No full textThe public-private sector wage gap is an important labor market indicator, reflecting sectoral differences in wage and recruitment policies. We provide new evidence on this sectoral gap throughout the wage distribution in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1984–2017), we decompose the wage gap and control for unobservable factors that endogenously determine the occupational sector choice. Our estimates confirm the result in the literature that women benefit from working in the public sector. For men, we find that they are unambiguously disadvantaged, with higher remuneration in the private sector across the entire wage distribution. This result contrasts with previous findings in the literature. Moreover, our findings show that taking endogenous selection into account substantially changes the decomposition of the gap, and it is crucial for assessing alternative policy measures
ONE OF WAR’S GREATEST CASUALTIES
No full textWoodruff Chair in International Law Daniel Bodansky recently shared his thoughts on war treaties and their effectiveness on environmental protection. To read the complete story, see the Bangkok Post. In the keyword box, enter the article title “If There Must Be War, Spare the Environment. The author is Klaus Toepfer, and the article was published on 11/7/03
ONE OF WAR’S GREATEST CASUALTIES
No full textWoodruff Chair in International Law Daniel Bodansky recently shared his thoughts on war treaties and their effectiveness on environmental protection. To read the complete story, see the Bangkok Post. In the keyword box, enter the article title “If There Must Be War, Spare the Environment. The author is Klaus Toepfer, and the article was published on 11/7/03
An evaluation of a second moment time dependent turbulence model
No full textDecember, 1978.Sponsored by the National Science Foundation ATM 77-09770.Sponsored by the National Science Foundation DES 75-13310
Automatische Indexierung auf Basis von Titeln und Autoren-Keywords – ein Werkstattbericht
No full textAutomatische Verfahren sind für Bibliotheken essentiell, um die Erschliessung stetig wachsender Datenmengen zu stemmen. Die Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft sammelt seit Längerem Erfahrungen im Bereich automatischer Indexierung und baut hier eigene Kompetenzen auf. Aufgrund rechtlicher Restriktionen werden unter anderem Ansätze untersucht, die ohne Volltextnutzung arbeiten. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in ein laufendes Teilprojekt, das unter Verwendung von Titeln und Autoren [1]-Keywords auf eine Nachnormierung der inhaltsbeschreibenden Metadaten auf den Standard-Thesaurus Wirtschaft (STW) abzielt. Wir erläutern den Hintergrund der Arbeit, betrachten die Systemarchitektur und stellen erste vielversprechende Ergebnisse eines dokumentenorientierten Verfahrens vor.
Automatic systems are indispensable for libraries in order to make the rapidly growing number of publications accessible to their users. In the past the ZBW – German National Library of Economics – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics has gained practical experience in this field. Due to legal constraints it currently investigates methods that solely use author generated descriptive metadata. This article gives an insight into on-going developments and relates them to past activities. We report on a promising document-oriented approach, which uses author keywords and titles in combination to automatically assign subject headings from the STW Thesaurus for Economics to a document
Ritual, knight and community: Discursivation of ritualized actions in the narrative works of Hartmann von Aue
No full textIn der höfischen Literatur des Mittelalters begegnet eine Vielzahl an Ritualen und ritualisierten Handlungen. Begrüßungen, Empfänge, Feste, Taufen, Schwertleiten, Hochzeiten, Verabschiedungen, Wehklagen und Trauerrituale folgen Konventionen, kehren in unterschiedlichen Kontexten wieder, geben dem Alltags- wie dem Festhandeln eine feste Struktur und führen zu einer Veränderung zwischen Individuen und Gemeinschaften. Trotz der Häufigkeit und Bedeutung ritueller Handlungen, wie sie sich in der mittelalterlichen Schriftkultur dokumentiert, ist ihre Definition bis in die jüngere Forschung auffallend vage, plural und heterogen geblieben und sind ritualtheoretische Ansätze in der mediävistischen Literaturwissenschaft nur gelegentlich aufgegriffen worden. Die vorliegende Studie diskutiert basierend auf Ritualbegriffen von Arnold van Gennep, Gerd Althoff, Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger u.a. kritisch den Stellenwert von Ritualen in sogenannten ‚Klassikern‘ mittelhochdeutscher Literatur unter Berücksichtigung der Forschungsmeinung, Rituale seien ordnungsgebende Instanz und zentraler Bestandteil höfischer Kultur um 1200. In Anlehnung an aktuelle mediävistische Forschungsansätze analysiert die Studie dafür ritualisierte Handlungen in den Erzählungen Hartmanns von Aue. Im ‚Erec‘, ‚Iwein‘, ‚Gregorius‘ und in ‚Der arme Heinrich‘ prüft der Autor die These, dass Rituale in der literarischen Bearbeitung keine Selbstläufer sind, sondern vielmehr durch Redeszenen, spezifische Auslassungen und Ausgestaltung sowie Strategien der Distanzierung einem Diskurs zugänglich gemacht werden. In den untersuchten Texten stellt der Autor dabei eine Tendenz zur stark reduzierten Darstellung von Ritualen bis hin zu auftretenden Leerstellen fest. Statt auf einer narrativen Ausgestaltung der symbolischen Kommunikation liegt der Fokus auf deren gesellschaftspolitischen Dimensionen und wird ein Verhandlungscharakter herausgestellt, indem Rituale zwischen Redeszenen und der Darstellung der Eignung von zentral beteiligten Figuren eingebettet werden. Im ‚Erec‘ wird auf diese Weise eine gemeinschaftlich-tragfähige Norm von Minne zunächst über Rituale verhandelbar und anschließend ausgefüllt. Im ‚Iwein‘ weisen Rituale auf die Diskursivierung juristischer Fragestellungen hin, z.B. durch gestörte Rechtsordalien, die als Gottesurteil angelegt sind und letztlich zum Stillstand kommen. Im ‚Gregorius‘ ist durch die Darstellung der extremen Buße des Protagonisten eine Aushandlung religiöser Praktiken in Korrelation zur inneren Einstellung und gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen nachweisbar. Besonders hervorgehoben werden dort die Rituale, die einer geistlichen Sphäre zuzuordnen sind, während menschengemachte Handlungen problematisiert erscheinen und einem gemeinschaftlichen Austausch bedürfen. Ähnlich wird auch in ‚Der arme Heinrich‘ – vor dem Hintergrund medizinischer Fragestellungen – eine ritualisierte Opferungshandlung als Arznei für den erkrankten Protagonisten diskursiviert, wenn explizit das Scheitern dieser Methode zur angestrebten Heilung führt. Den Texten gemein ist der betont hohe Stellenwert gemeinschaftlicher Absprachen, wenn z.B. in ‚Der arme Heinrich‘ vor der Vermählung zwischen einem Bauernmädchen und einem Ritter eine Verhandlung stattfinden soll. Die Studie kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Rituale in der literarischen Bearbeitung Hartmanns durch narrative Strategien, wie das Spiel mit Erwartungen, dem Versatz einzelner Elemente, gezielten Auslassungen bis hin zu Leerstellen und Distanzierungen, in ihrer Bedeutung und Wirkung verhandelt werden. Der Möglichkeit des Scheiterns von Ritualen wird in Hartmanns Werken jeweils mit der Forderung nach gemeinschaftlicher Absprache begegnet. Über den Text hinaus bieten Rituale so einen Zugang, um bestehende soziale Interaktionen und die persönliche Eignung der Beteiligten zu reflektieren und zu erörtern.In the courtly literature of the Middle Ages, there is a multitude of rituals and ritualized actions. Greetings, receptions, celebrations, baptisms, sword conducting, weddings, farewells, lamentations and mourning rituals follow conventions, recur in different contexts, give everyday and festive activities a firm structure and lead to a change between individuals and communities. Despite the frequency and importance of ritual acts as documented in medieval written culture, their definition has remained remarkably vague, plural and heterogeneous until recent research, and ritual-theoretical approaches in medieval literary studies have only occasionally been taken up. Based on the concepts of ritual by Arnold van Gennep, Gerd Althoff, Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger and others, this study critically discusses the importance of rituals in the so-called 'classics' of Middle High German literature, taking into account the research opinion that rituals are a regulatory authority and a central component of courtly culture around 1200. Based on current medieval research approaches, the study analyzes ritualised actions in Hartmann von Aue's stories: 'Erec', 'Iwein', 'Gregorius' and 'Der arme Heinrich' and examines the thesis that rituals in literary processing are not a sure-fire success, but rather made accessible to a discourse through speech scenes, specific omissions and design as well as strategies of distancing. In the texts examined, the author notes a tendency towards the greatly reduced representation of rituals, to the point of gaps appearing. Instead of a narrative design of symbolic communication, the focus is on its socio-political dimensions and a negotiation character is emphasized by embedding rituals between speech scenes and the depiction of the suitability of centrally involved figures. In this way, in the 'Erec', a common, sustainable norm of love is first negotiable via rituals and then fullfilled. In the 'Iwein', rituals point to the discursivization of legal issues, e.g. through disturbed legal ordinances, which are designed as a judgment of God and ultimately come to a standstill. In 'Gregorius', the portrayal of the protagonist's extreme penance reveals a negotiation of religious practices in correlation with the inner attitude and social effects. The rituals that are assigned to a spiritual sphere are particularly emphasized there, while man-made actions appear to be problematic and require a community exchange. Similarly, in 'Der arme Heinrich' – against the background of medical issues – a ritualized sacrificial act is discursed as medicine for the ill protagonist when the failure of this method explicitly leads to the intended healing. What the texts have in common is the emphasized importance of joint agreements, e.g. in 'Der arme Heinrich', a negotiation is to take place before the marriage between a peasant girl and a knight. The study concludes that rituals in Hartmann's literary treatment are negotiated in terms of their meaning and effect through narrative strategies, such as playing with expectations, the misalignment of individual elements, targeted omissions, gaps and distancing. In Hartmann's works, the possibility of rituals failing is met with the demand for collective agreement. Beyond the text, rituals therefore offer access to reflect on and discuss existing social interactions and the personal suitability of those involved
Narrowing the teaching-research gap by integrating undergraduate education and faculty scholarship
No full textUnderstanding and enjoying research can be facilitated by doing research with those we teach. By engaging undergraduate students as research participants, and converting a classroom assignment into a research project, the present author was able to narrow the teaching-research gap. 'Letters of Gratitude' were written to explore the benefits of being a benefactor and highlight important course content. Results indicated that students enjoyed participating in the process and showed increased interest in research. In addition, statistical group differences in subjective well-being were found between students who participated in the experimental and control groups
Narrowing the teaching-research gap by integrating undergraduate education and faculty scholarship
No full text1 Understanding and enjoying research can be facilitated by doing research with those we teach. By engaging undergraduate students as research participants, and converting a classroom assignment into a research project, the present author was able to narrow the teaching-research gap. 'Letters of Gratitude' were written to explore the benefits of being a benefactor and highlight important course content. Results indicated that students enjoyed participating in the process and showed increased interest in research. In addition, statistical group differences in subjective well-being were found between students who participated in the experimental and control groups
