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Absented at the Creation: Nuremberg Women and International Criminal Justice
No full textWomen seldom surface in conventional accounts of the many war crimes trials that took place after World War II. Yet as this chapter shows, hundreds of women lawyers and other professionals were present, thus helping to lay the foundations of an international criminal justice project that continues to this day. Combining methodologies of narrative with theories sounding in global legal history and feminist scholarship and discussing what it reveals as dances of absence-presence, visible-invisible, and inclusion-exclusion, this chapter first examines how and why women were absented and then surfaces their contributions. It concludes with a look at contemporary international legal practice
VAR Check: Visa Requirements for the 2026 FIFA World Cup
No full text“We are bullish about the power of football (soccer). It will become the number one sport in North America” —FIFA President Gianni Infantino
Canada, Mexico, and the United States will host the 2026 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup. While the tournament is expected to generate more than 11 billion from the 2026 World Cup cycle. The sixteen cities hosting matches across the continent in 2026 have committed themselves to hundreds of millions of dollars in investments toward infrastructure and transportation. North America has given the rest of the world permission to place the continent under a global magnifying glass while a spotlight the size of the Empire State Building is attached to it. There are major players involved, and they are all counting on the tournament to be a massive success. However, there remain far more questions than answers. The research for this Note began in the fall of 2023. At that point, these logistical concerns had received little to no attention. While that was of concern, it felt too early to sound the alarms. Now in late 2025, very little has changed since the beginning of this project. While some commentary has cropped up in recent months, the three host countries have yet to take any concrete or meaningful steps toward addressing the issues outlined in this Note. Now it’s time to sound the alarms
Use Laws of Attraction: The Gravitational Pull of a U.S. Space Court
No full textNo Man’s Land Another crude mission into the darkness we’ve dreamed, our intuition scream, and with no one there to hear it the truth of our condition only ever harkens to the meanings and the means we rectify with words and spirits. Yes, the human mind cannot help but defy conventions, intentional or otherwise, necessity always inspiring invention. —Stan Vilensk
The Right to a Fair Trial in International Law and African Experiences
No full textA country’s system for the administration of justice significantly impacts the rights and lives of its inhabitants, which may include citizens, nationals, and temporary residents (e.g., refugees, asylum seekers, religious pilgrims, and other travelers in transit). A robust and fair system for the administration of justice is an important element of the rule of law and serves as a guard against impunity in general and the abuse of human rights and fundamental freedoms in particular. Such a robust system for the administration of justice is especially important for the protection of the rights of vulnerable groups (e.g., women and girls, ethnic and religious minorities, persons with disabilities, urban poor—especially including people living in slums and informal settlements within the urban areas—and rural inhabitants). Courts in many countries, including those in Africa, have affirmed the importance of an equitable and effective system for the administration of justice to the protection of the rights of citizens. One of these rights is the right to a fair trial, which has been established in several international and regional human rights instruments, as well as in the constitutions of many African countries. The realization of the right to a fair trial, however, is dependent on the quality of a country’s judiciary, specifically, the extent to which its courts are independent and can freely adjudicate cases brought before them without interference by the political branches. Examination of court cases from several African jurisdictions shows that, despite the fact that many of these countries face challenges regarding the independence of their judiciaries, the decisions of their courts are contributing to the building of a robust jurisprudence on the right to a fair trial in the continent
Changing Climate, Changing Rights: How the UnitedStates Can Learn from the Emergence of the Right to a Healthy Environment in Colombia and India
No full textThe right to a healthy environment embodies the idea that environmental protection and the enjoyment of human rights are connected. As this concept has developed, authorities around the world have described the contours of this right in various ways. The right to a healthy environment generally includes a safe climate, clean air, healthy ecosystems, biodiversity, access to safe water, healthy and sustainable food, non-toxic environments, access to information, public participation in decision-making, and access to justice. Thus, the right to a healthy environment is unique because it provides individuals with a more complete set of protections against environmental harms compared to other human rights
A Case for Judge-Made Law for the American Jurists from an English Perspective—Drawing Example from the Human Rights Act 1998
No full textMany authors frown upon judge-made law as an inappropriate and ghastly exercise of judicial activism in American jurisprudence. This, nevertheless, is not the view of English jurisprudence. This Comment proposes instead that the American legal audience should embrace the benefits of judge-made law as a means of correcting the rigidity and inadequacies of the legislature. It does so by drawing an example from the recent debates over whether the Human Rights Act 1998 should be amended or repealed by the legislature, which is comprised of the members of parliament sitting in the House of Commons. By drawing the example of the Human Rights Act 1998 in the UK, this Comment seeks to demonstrate that the courts should be the place for making such improvements to the law and that it need not be up for the legislature to effect those changes
Land Use Zoning: The Answer to Housing Affordability? A Look at Aukland, New Zealand and Minneapolis, Minnesota
No full textFor many individuals, purchasing their first home is a monumental step which they look forward to for years. Homes are one of the most valuable assets individuals purchase within their lifetime. In the current housing market, reaching this milestone is becoming more and more difficult for individuals. Adequate and affordable housing is scarce. This is not just an issue plaguing the United States, but it is an issue many metro areas worldwide currently face
The Grey Market’s Ability to Be Black and White: Regulating for Fraud in Online Marketplaces Beyond the INFORM Consumers Act
Full text linkThe rapid expansion of e-commerce and the rise of secondary online marketplaces, amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, have fundamentally altered consumer shopping behaviors. These marketplaces entice online shoppers with appealing benefits, such as sustainability, wallet-friendly pre-owned selections, or by simply offering what no one else can—accessibility. However, as demand for coveted goods outpaces supply, grey-market transactions flourish, exposing consumers to a risk of counterfeit and illicit products.
This Note examines the INFORM Consumers Act, a regulatory framework aimed at enhancing transparency within secondary online marketplaces by imposing disclosure requirements on certain third-party sellers. While the Act represents a significant step toward marketplace accountability, it remains insufficient in closing critical gaps that allow fraud to persist. This Note identifies key shortcomings of the Act—namely, its limited applicability to only high-volume sellers and its failure to regulate entire segments of the online marketplace ecosystem—thereby leaving gaps for bad actors to continue exploiting online marketplace shoppers.
To bolster consumer protections, this Note proposes legislative refinements, including expanding seller disclosure requirements, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and considering escrow-based payment protections to reduce transaction risks. By shifting regulatory focus from individual fraudsters to marketplace gatekeepers, policymakers can create a more secure e-commerce environment. These reforms will ensure that the grey market, currently fraught with uncertainty, evolves into a safer, more consumer-friendly space
Irreparable Harm: How the United States Fails to Remedy Unjust Deportations
Full text linkWhen the United States wrongfully deports individuals, the harm is often irreversible. This piece explores the systemic gaps that leave those unjustly deported without meaningful remedies or recourse