1,720,978 research outputs found
On the Enforcement of Cooperative Environmental Policies
No full textThis paper investigates the sustainability of Pareto optimal policies for the replenishment of renewable resources shared by two countries with asymmetrical wealth. It does so within a two-country neo-classical growth model with externality. In absence of commitment, it identifies simple self-enforcing mechanisms that implement social optima for a typical international resource (clean air) and a parameterization of the model to the United States and a country five times poorer. Such mechanisms are trigger strategies involving transfers of wealth between countries and threats of economic isolation in case of defection. Necessary transfers can represent up to 2.6% of US wealth. (Copyright: Elsevier)commitment, sustainable optima, dynamic game, renewable resource, trigger strategy, pollution, transfers
A Two-Country Model of Renewable Resource Sharing
No full textIn this paper, I investigate the sustainability of optimal cooperative policies for the replenishment of a renewable resource shared by two countries. If the development of these nations constitutes a threat to the common stock, under what conditions can a social best (a Pareto optimum) be sustainable? The question is addressed within a two-country neo-classical growth model with externality. In the worst scenario, the poorer country leaves the replenishment burden to the rich. International transfers are then non-existent. Nevertheless, in absence of a commitment mechanism, it is still possible to reach a social best provided the countries' patience, expressed by their discount factor, is high enough. The strategies that implement these Pareto optima are self-enforcing trigger-strategies that involve positive transfers of wealth between countries and a threat to autarky in case of defection. Sustainable Pareto optima are then identified in a specific case of environmental resource (clean air) and for a calibration of the model economies to the United States and a country five times poorer. An estimate of the transfers required to implement these social optima is provided.Renewable resources, pollution, neo-classical growth model, sustainable Pareto optima
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Limiting Court Behavior: A Case for High Minimum Sentences and Low Maximum Ones
Get PDFWe model a simple justice system in which a court is mandated by society to assess the guilt and the punishment of an accused. The court takes prison facilities as given and neglects its impact on the cost to society of implementing the sentence. Clearly, the court, in this world, will condemn more often than society and assign higher penalties. Under these circumstances, society at large would necessarily benefit from having maximum sentences. We show, however, as a series of perverse results, that (1) maximum penalties need to be lower than the highest socially desirable penalty; (2) society would benefit from imposing high minimum sentences even though it is precisely the harshness of courts, which it wants to curb.Maximum and minimum penalties, sentencing guidelines, social optimum
Fertility, Education, and Market Failures
Get PDFWe show that coordination failures may be part of an explanation for the demographic differences between rich and poor countries and their differing attitudes towards the use of child labor. Our analysis is carried out within a two-period, general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility, parental investment in children's education and firms' tradeoff between traditional technologies and the adoption of skill-intensive, modern ones. The model exhibits multiple equilibria due to the lack of a coordination mechanism between parental decisions on the quantity and the quality of children and entrepreneurs' technology choices.Endogenous fertility, education, child labor, skill-biased technology, welfare, multiple equilibria, coordination
Foreign Aid and the Business Cycle
No full textWe document the real business cycle properties of foreign aid to poor countries. We show that aid exhibits the following empirical regularities over a twenty-five year period. First, it represents a significant source of income for the recipients. Second, it is very volatile - two to three times as volatile as output. Third, for the vast majority of recipient countries in our sample, aid disbursements are procyclical. Whatever the intended purpose of aid, this procyclicality suggests that aid ends up acting as a reward (punishment) for good (bad) economic performance. In contrast, there is no clear pattern of procyclicality with the business cycle of the donors. Nous documentons les propriétés cycliques de l'aide aux pays pauvres. Sur une période de vingt-cinq ans, nous identifions les régularités empiriques suivantes. Tout d'abord, l'aide constitue une source importante de revenu pour les pays receveurs. Deuxièmement, l'aide est très volatile - deux à trois fois plus volatile que le produit national. Troisièmement, les débours d'aide sont procycliques pour la grande majorité des pays de notre échantillon. Quel que soit le but véritable de l'aide, sa procyclicalité suggère qu'en définitive elle agit comme une récompense (une punition) pour bonne (mauvaise) performance économique. En ce qui concerne le cycle économique du donneur, la même procyclicalité de l'aide n'est pas observée.Real business cycles, foreign aid, volatility
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