1,720,992 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Internationalized Pro Bono and a New Global Role for Lawyers in the 21st Century: Lessons from Nation-Building in Southern Sudan
No full textFrom 2004 to 2006, the author led the pro bono representation of the
Sudan People\u27s Liberation Movement ( SPLM ), assisting the SPLM in
drafting and negotiating the National Interim Constitution of Sudan, the
Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, and the Constitutions of two
transitional states. The representation was part of an emerging trend
in pro bono representations. In small but increasing numbers, private
law firms have begun to take on pro bono projects with global significance
- assisting governments and civil society in post-conflict countries to
deal on an even footing with foreign investors, for instance, or working
with international criminal courts to prepare indictments of war
criminals. This development within the legal community is connected to
changes in the scope and ambition of the corporate responsibility
initiatives of many of the multinational corporate clients of firms leading
the internationalization of pro bono services.
The entry of law firms and multinational corporations into the
\u27market\u27 of global affairs - long the exclusive domain of governments
and inter-governmental organizations - offers many advantages to
clients in developing and post-conflict countries, but also poses dangers
which can and should be mitigated. One of the foremost benefits private
law firms offer a unique ability to ensure - even to guarantee - local
ownership of the process and its content, due to the strict requirements of
the attorney-client relationship. These include attorneys\u27 obligations to
follow the directives of their clients, to keep the confidences of the clients,
and to act independently of any third party. Unlike other players in the
field of international aid (such as foreign donor governments, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and private foundations), private lawyers providing pro bono
services do not receive donations, do not have mandates other than
those dictated by the client within the bounds of ethical regulations, and
are not accountable to real or imagined constituencies other than the
client. Yet the enforceability of the ethical code that gives rise to those
advantages is questionable in a transnational representation. A lack of
regulation raises questions about legitimacy and accountability, and may
suggest the specter of legal imperialism.
A practical approach to mitigating those disadvantages can be gleaned
from the novel work of an increasing number of scholars writing within
the Global Administrative Law (GAL) paradigm. GAL scholars have
analyzed the myriad ways in which disparate national administrative
standards have been synchronized, though not necessarily harmonized, in
various contexts (such as environmental concerns and accounting
standards). A key concept in GAL scholarship is that of transnational
networks - patterns of regular and purposive relations (and institutions)
among like regulatory bodies working across borders and demarcating the
domestic from the international. This Article will draw on this and
other concepts and principles of GAL scholarship in proposing ways to
bring accountability to transnational pro bono activities (indeed to
transnational lawyering in general) that respect the domestically selfregulated
legal profession and which cannot (and should not) be
harmonized across jurisdictions. Rather, the article suggests that
regulation of global pro bono service should graduate from accidental
distributed administration to deliberate transnational network
administration. Without some attention paid to the way law firms
operate in this arena, there is a risk that the ethical obligations of
attorneys will become little more than a cover for advancing Western
corporate interests
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Internationalized Pro Bono and a New Global Role for Lawyers in the 21st Century: Lessons from Nation-Building in Southern Sudan
No full textFrom 2004 to 2006, the author led the pro bono representation of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement ("SPLM"), assisting the SPLM in drafting and negotiating the National Interim Constitution of Sudan, the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, and the Constitutions of two "transitional" states. The representation was part of an emerging trend in pro bono representations. In small but increasing numbers, private law firms have begun to take on pro bono projects with global significance - assisting governments and civil society in post-conflict countries to deal on an even footing with foreign investors, for instance, or working with international criminal courts to prepare indictments of war criminals. This development within the legal community is connected to changes in the scope and ambition of the "corporate responsibility" initiatives of many of the multinational corporate clients of firms leading the internationalization of pro bono services. The entry of law firms and multinational corporations into the 'market' of global affairs - long the exclusive domain of governments and inter-governmental organizations - offers many advantages to clients in developing and post-conflict countries, but also poses dangers which can and should be mitigated. One of the foremost benefits private law firms offer a unique ability to ensure - even to guarantee - local ownership of the process and its content, due to the strict requirements of the attorney-client relationship. These include attorneys' obligations to follow the directives of their clients, to keep the confidences of the clients, and to act independently of any third party. Unlike other players in the field of international aid (such as foreign donor governments, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private foundations), private lawyers providing pro bono services do not receive donations, do not have "mandates" other than those dictated by the client within the bounds of ethical regulations, and are not accountable to real or imagined "constituencies" other than the client. Yet the enforceability of the ethical code that gives rise to those advantages is questionable in a transnational representation. A lack of regulation raises questions about legitimacy and accountability, and may suggest the specter of legal imperialism. A practical approach to mitigating those disadvantages can be gleaned from the novel work of an increasing number of scholars writing within the Global Administrative Law (GAL) paradigm. GAL scholars have analyzed the myriad ways in which disparate national administrative standards have been synchronized, though not necessarily harmonized, in various contexts (such as environmental concerns and accounting standards). A key concept in GAL scholarship is that of transnational networks - patterns of regular and purposive relations (and institutions) among like regulatory bodies working across borders and demarcating the "domestic" from the "international." This Article will draw on this and other concepts and principles of GAL scholarship in proposing ways to bring accountability to transnational pro bono activities (indeed to transnational lawyering in general) that respect the domestically selfregulated legal profession and which cannot (and should not) be harmonized across jurisdictions. Rather, the article suggests that regulation of global pro bono service should graduate from "accidental distributed administration" to "deliberate transnational network administration." Without some attention paid to the way law firms operate in this arena, there is a risk that the ethical obligations of attorneys will become little more than a cover for advancing Western corporate interests
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Third Party Funding of Investment Arbitration
Get PDFThis Essay discusses Third-Party Funding in Investment Arbitration. It describes the rise of third-party funding of investment arbitration; the debate over the definition of litigation/arbitration finance; the forms arbitration finance takes; the normative debate in favor and against third-party funding of investment arbitration; the effects of arbitration funding on the arbitral process; developments in national, international, and soft law governing investment arbitration funding; and the likely effects of third-party funding on the international bar
- …
