1,666 research outputs found
Inclusion characteristics of bearing steel in a runner after ingot casting
No full textIn the uphill teaming method of ingot casting molten metal from the ladle goes into the runner system, which feeds one or several ingot moulds. This method is still important for production of bearing steel. In order to make clean steel, which has a controlled amount of inclusions, good understanding of inclusions characteristics is necessary. In this work non-metallic inclusions of steel left in the runner part of an ingot casting system were studied. Inclusion type, size, and morphology were the main focus of this study. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess inclusion size and morphology. The chemical composition of inclusions was determined by SEM equipped with EDS. An automated program called 'INCAFeature' was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Based on the statistical analysis of inclusion composition, four types of inclusions including oxides, sulfides, carbonitrides and complex inclusions were defined. The inclusion characteristics in the runner were also compared to literature data of inclusions found in ladle and mould samples. © 2010 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p
Use of Computational Thermodynamic Calculations in Studying the Slag/Steel Equilibrium during Vacuum Degassing
No full textThe effectiveness of a ladle refining process for production of tool steel with focus on the top slag is studied using computational thermodynamic calculations. The theoretical assessment was based on compositional data of steel and slag samples collected during trials in a plant equipped with a 65-t EAF, a ladle furnace and a vacuum degasser The calculation of slag-metal equilibrium during ladle treatment was performed for top slag excluding (Case A) and including (Case B) slag carryover and deoxidation products. The predictions showed that slag carryover and deoxidation products in the ladle significantly affect the composition of the top slag. Thus, these conditions must be taken into consideration when predicting the actual top slag composition. It was also found that it is possible to predict the final aluminium and sulphur content in steel based on the same calculation approach.</p
A Comparison of a Two‐Dimensional and a Three‐Dimensional Method for Inclusion Determinations in Tool Steel
No full textTo produce clean commercial tool steel the non-metallic inclusions characteristics have to be known, since they influence the mechanical properties of steel. In this work, inclusion characteristics in steel samples from plant trials were studied. The samples were collected in the steel plant according the two following methods: (a) 2D investigations of inclusions by a cross sectional method and (b) 3D investigations of inclusions collected on a film filter after electrolytic extraction. More specifically, the chemical composition, morphology, number and size distribution of inclusions in tool steel samples taken from ladle during melt treatment were determined by both methods. In both methods SEM equipped with EDS was used for compositional analysis of inclusions. In addition, in the cross sectional method an automated detection program called 'INCAFeature' was used to collect more statistics of non-metallic inclusions. The composition of inclusions larger than 5 mu m was found to contain 49% CaO based on the results from both methods. However, for smaller inclusions it was found that the accuracy of the 2D method was less than that of the 3D method due to the influence of the metal matrix on the results. In addition, it was found that a critical inclusion size of 4 mu m could be defined for the 3D method, above which the standard deviation in composition determination was very low.</p
Inclusion Characteristics of Bearing Steel in a Runner after Ingot Casting
No full textIn the uphill teaming method of ingot casting molten metal from the ladle goes into the runner system, which feeds one or several ingot moulds. This method is still important for production of bearing steel. In order to make clean steel, which has a controlled amount of inclusions, good understanding of inclusions characteristics is necessary In this work non-metallic inclusions of steel left in the runner part of an ingot casting system were studied. Inclusion type, size, and morphology were the main focus of this study A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to assess inclusion size and morphology The chemical composition of inclusions was determined by SEM equipped with EDS. An automated program called 'INCAFeature' was used to collect statistics of inclusion characteristics. Based on the statistical analysis of inclusion composition, four types of inclusions including oxides, sulfides, carbonitrides and complex inclusions were defined. The inclusion characteristics in the runner were also compared to literature data of inclusions found in ladle and mould samples.</p
State policies and industrial change : reindustrialization programmes in British steel closure areas.
No full textSIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D92139 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Belief and Ageing: Spiritual pathways in later life
No full textBased on 40 years' interviewing experience, this book illustrates the variety of religious, spiritual and other beliefs held by older people. It provides models of research procedure, especially in the context of bereavement. Participants include not only British Christians, but also Muslims, Humanists and witnesses of the Soviet persecution of religion. The author argues that both welfare professionals and gerontologists need to pay far more consideration to belief as a constituent of well-being in later life. The book looks to the future and increasing diversity of choice in matters of belief among Britain and Europe's older citizens as a consequence of immigration and globalisation
Tanggung Jawab Hukum Terhadap Pelaksanaan Perjanjian Kerja Musiman di P.G Mojo Sragen
No full textIn a certain time work agreement involving two parties, namely the P.G Mojo Sragen party and the worker, it is called a reciprocal agreement and therefore creates rights and obligations for the parties. If in the implementation of the rights and obligations between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, one of the parties does not carry out their achievements, it will result in legal liability. The purpose of this study was to determine the process of agreement between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, the applicable regulations and the rights and obligations of a certain time work agreement between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers, as well as legal responsibility if one of the parties made a mistake from the work agreement. The method used in this study is a normative approach because in this study, which are legal rules, legal principles in legal responsibility between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers. The type of research used by the author in this research is descriptive research to clearly describe the legal responsibility between P.G Mojo Sragen and workers. The results of this study indicate that in the process of implementing a work agreement for a certain time, prior to the occurrence of the agreement, the administrative requirements and legal requirements in accordance with Article 1320 of the Civil Code are: (1) Agreeing (2) Legal Capability (3) A certain matter (4) An lawful cause. At the time the agreement was signed with a certain time agreement P.G Mojo Sragen with workers that had been made by P.G Mojo Sragen based on a standard agreement. After the agreement, a binding legal relationship arises and gives birth to rights and obligations. If in the implementation one of the parties does not fulfill its rights and obligations, then it must be responsible on the basis of default in accordance with Article 1243 of the Civil Code and if one of the parties violates the applicable law, it can be accounted for based on unlawful acts in accordance with Article 1365 of the Civil Code
Measuring Uncertainty
No full textThis article, authored by P.G. Moore for the Royal Statistical Society's website, provides well-defined exercises to assess the probabilities of decision-making and the degree of uncertainty. The author states the focus of the article as: "When analyzing situations which involve decisions to be made as between alternative courses of action under conditions of uncertainty, decision makers and their advisers are often called upon to assess judgmental probability distributions of quantities whose true values are unknown to them. How can this judgment be taught?" Moore provides five different exercises and even external reference for those interested in further study of the topic
Synergistic effects of micro-abrasion–corrosion of UNS S30403, S31603 and S32760 stainless steels
No full textIn this study, the synergistic effects of abrasion and corrosion on UNS S30403, S31603 and S32760 stainless steels have been investigated using a micro-abrasion test rig. The stainless steel samples have been studied under both pure abrasion (PA) and abrasion–corrosion (AC) conditions simulated by using silicon carbide based slurries in either distilled water or 3.5% sodium chloride solutions. Tests have been conducted at various abrasive concentrations (0.006–0.238 g/cm3) and at 38 and 180m sliding distance to enable the interactions between abrasion and corrosion to be better understood. Wear mode identification and regime mapping was used to establish the dominant wear mechanism at the different slurry concentrations. The synergistic effect has been quantified and related to the material composition and the grooving or rolling abrasive wear mechanisms present. The synergistic levels were typically positive and have been discussed in terms of their dependence on the integrity of the passive films and the repassivation kinetics. The three-body abrasion–corrosion rates for all steels were found to be 14 times higher than two-body
abrasion–corrosion rates. S30403 shows weak repassivation performance with electrochemical activity being proportional to mechanical activity. S31603 showed a constant electrochemical activity over a variety of mechanical conditions, indicating a stronger repassivation performance than S30403. S32760 has the best repassivation performance with negative synergistic characteristics until abrasion rate are such that depassivation
occurs and the electrochemical activity is then comparable to the other steels
Functional analyses of differentially expressed isoforms of the Arabidopsis inositol phosphorylceramide synthase
No full textSphingolipids are key components of eukaryotic plasma membranes that are involved in many functions, including the formation signal transduction complexes. In addition, these lipid species and their catabolites function as secondary signalling molecules in, amongst other processes, apoptosis. The biosynthetic pathway for the formation of sphingolipid is largely conserved. However, unlike mammalian cells, fungi, protozoa and plants synthesize inositol phosphorylceramide (IPC) as their primary phosphosphingolipid. This key step involves the transfer of the phosphorylinositol group from phosphatidylinositol (PI) to phytoceramide, a process catalysed by IPC synthase in plants and fungi. This enzyme activity is at least partly encoded by the AUR1 gene in the fungi, and recently the distantly related functional orthologue of this gene has been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis. Here we functionally analysed all three predicted Arabidopsis IPC synthases, confirming them as aureobasidin A resistant AUR1p orthologues. Expression profiling revealed that the genes encoding these orthologues are differentially expressed in various tissue types isolated from Arabidopsis
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