1,720,965 research outputs found
The chemical magnetic compass system: behavioral investigations in European robins (Erithacus rubecula)
No full textBisher konnte allein für den Magnetkompass der Vögel ein Mechanismus der Magnetperzeption identifiziert werden. In Verhaltensversuchen, die Zugorientierung als Kriterium einsetzten, ob Magnetrezeption ungestört abläuft oder nicht, konnte dieser Mechanismus analysiert werden. Die Experimente zeigten, dass der Magnetrezeptionsmechanismus lichtabhängig ist. Vögel die im blau bis grünen Teil des Spektrums in Orientierungstrichtern getestet wurden bevorzugten signifikant ihre der Jahreszeit entsprechende Zugrichtung. Führte man diese Tests mit längerwelligerem Licht durch, zeigten die Tiere Desorientierung. Durch die gezielte Manipulation des umgebenden Erdmagnetfeldes durch künstliche Felder, ergab sich ein Wirkprinzip des Magnetkompasses der Vögel, welches nichts mit dem der uns bekannten technischen Kompasse gemein hat. Die Tiere richten sich nicht nach der Polarität des Feldes, sondern detektieren vielmehr den Neigungsgrad und den Verlauf der magnetischen Feldlinien. Durch den Einsatz von Hochfrequenzfeldern als diagnostisches Werkzeug, konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Inklinationskompass der Vögel auf einem Radikalprozess basiert. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Sitz des lichtabhängigen Magnetkompasses im rechten Auge lokalisiert ist. Unter bestimmten künstlichen Lichtbedingungen wurden von Rotkehlchen allerdings Verhaltensantworten gezeigt, die von der normalen Zugorientierung abwichen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden gerade jene Phänomene genauer analysiert, die in der Vergangenheit zu Nicht-Kompass-Antworten geführt haben. Die Intensitätserhöhung kurzwelliger Lichter hatte zu vermehrt axialem Verhalten geführt, eine Kombination aus langwelligem, gelben Licht mit einer kurzwelligen Komponente hatte zu Fixrichtungen geführt, d.h. die Vögel zeigten nicht mehr die saisontypische Zugumkehr. Auf biogenem Eisen (Magnetit) basierende Rezeptoren der Magnetfeld-wahrnehmung werden als zweites System der Perzeptionsmöglichkeit diskutiert, wobei ihnen im Zusammenhang mit dem ‚Kartensinn’ eher eine Intensitätssensibilität zugeschrieben wird. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Versuche durchgeführt, die das komplexe Zusammenspiel unterschiedlicher Perzeptionsmechanismen des Erdmagnetfeldes untersuchen. Mischlichtbedingungen wurden daraufhin untersucht, ob sie einem radikalpaar-basierenden Inklinationskompass unterliegen, oder nicht. Für türkis-gelbes Mischlicht wird gezeigt, dass die eingeschlagene Fixrichtung nicht mit Hilfe eines Inklinationskompasses aufgesucht wird. Darüber hinaus beruht die Richtungswahl des getesteten Vogels nicht auf einem Radikalpaarmechanismus, ist aber abhängig vom vorliegenden Magnetfeld. Da Magnetit bei Vögeln in der Oberschnabelregion lokalisiert werden konnte, wurden Betäubungsversuche mit einem Lokalanästhetikum durchgeführt. Die Fixrichtung bricht zusammen und die Vögel zeigen desorientiertes Verhalten. Im Gegensatz dazu bleiben Vögel unter Grün und Weisslicht, Bedingungen wo ein Inklinationskompass zum Einsatz kommt, mit Oberschnabelbetäubung unbeeindruckt und suchen die jahreszeitlich passende Richtung auf. Für kurzwellige Lichter wird eine Intensitätsabhängigkeitsstudie durchgeführt, die analysiert ab wann Zugorientierung in Nicht-Kompass-Antworten umschlägt. Die Wellenlängenabhängigkeit der Intensitätssensitivität, die beobachtet wird, lässt auf die Beteiligung des optischen Systems schliessen. Deshalb wurden Versuche durchgeführt, die über die Lateralisation des Magnetkompasses hinaus die Rechtsdominanz des Rotkehlchenauges genauer untersucht haben. Mittels einer Brille, die die gleiche Lichtintensität auf beide Augen fallen ließ, aber in klare und unscharfe Wahrnehmung der Umgebung unterschied, konnte herausgefunden werden, dass über die reine Aktivierung von Licht hinaus Formensehen eine entscheidene Rolle zu spielen scheint. Versuche in absoluter Dunkelheit zeigen, dass von Rotkehlchen trotz der Abwesenheit von Licht signifikant eine Vorzugsrichtung aufgesucht wird, die keiner saisonalen Zugumkehr unterläuft. Die Fixrichtung beruht nicht auf einem Inklinationskompass und sie bricht nach Oberschnabelbetäubung zusammen. Alle bisher analysierten Nicht-Kompass-Antworten scheinen auf einem zweiten, magnetit-basierenden Mechanismus zu beruhen. Diese Rezeptoren scheinen neben Intensitätsinformationen des Erdmagnetfeldes auch Richtungsinformationen zu generieren. Die biologische Relevanz der ihnen unterliegenden Fixrichtungen bleibt allerdings ungeklärt.The 'Radical Pair'-model assumes that magnetoreception for compass orientation is based on radical pair processes in the avian eyes. It predicts that magnetoreception is light-dependent and can be disrupted by high frequency fields (HF) in the MHz range. These predictions were tested with migratory birds, using orientation in migratory direction as a criterion whether or not the birds could obtain directional information from the geomagnetic field in the test situation. Tests under monochromatic lights of various wavelengths revealed a wavelength-dependency of magnetoreception requiring light from the blue-to-green part of the spectrum; under wavelengths of 590 nm and beyond, several species of migrants as well as homing pigeons were disoriented. The behavior observed under low intensity monochromatic 424 nm blue, 502 nm turquoise and 565 nm green light represents normal migratory orientation controlled by the avian inclination compass. Under higher intensity monochromatic light, however, the behavior changed: the birds no longer preferred their migratory direction, but showed axial tendencies or unimodal preferences of odd directions. Similar tendencies were observed under bichromatic lights that combined light from the blue-to-green part of the spectrum with 590 nm yellow light. These tendencies are not controlled by the inclination compass and are not based on radical pair processes. This work is a detailed investigation of behavioral observations not following the normal migratory orientation of birds. The possible involvement of a second, iron-based mechanism is analysed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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