125,701 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
PS2-106. Bacteroides fragilis inhibits Candida albicans induced IL-17
No full textBackground: Bacteroids fragilis and Candida albicans are both part of the commensal intestinal flora. When B. fragilis spreads to normally sterile parts of the body it is a potent inducer of abscess formation. These abscesses are often polymicrobial and synergistic effects in promoting larger abscesses and bacterial persistence have been observed for bacterial co-infections. In contrast, the presence of fungi in abscesses and the effect of fungal and microbial co-infections on the host immune response has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to assess the modulatory effect of B. Fragilis on the C. albicans induced cytokine profile. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers were stimulated with heat- killed B. fragilis (107/ml), heat- killed C. albicans (105/
ml), or the combination and cytokine levels were determined in supernatants by
ELISA.
Results: Both B. fragilis (107/ml) and C. albicans (105/ml) are potent inducers of IL-8
and IL-6, with a moderate IL-1b and TNFa production, while induction of IL-23, IFNc
and IL-10 is low. In contrast to B. fragilis, C. albicans is a potent inducer of IL-17. Coincubation
of Bacteroides fragilis and C. albicans resulted in a significant decrease of IL-
17 secretion by PBMCs, whereas co-incubation had an additive effect on most other
cytokines. B. fragilis inhibited IL-17 production even if added to the cells two hours
after stimulation with C. albicans. B. fragilis induced these effects through Toll-like
receptor 2 (TLR2), and the TLR2 stimulus Pam3Cys had similar inhibitory effects on
C. albicans-induced IL-17 secretion. Conclusion: B. fragilis inhibits C. albicans induced IL-17 secretion through TLR2-mediated signalling. This finding may have important consequences for the patho-physiology of bacterial-fungal mixed abscesses, as well as during co-colonization of the intestinal mucosa with these two microorganisms
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
Dr. Edwin Wright Collection: Author Unknown
Get PDFNotes - The author relates several short stories about his neighbours including Alex McDonell, homesteading and life around Meanook and Athabasca (1 page
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