1,721,494 research outputs found
Stanton, N R, 435250
No full textThis record was harvested from a previous catalogue system and will be withdrawn in 2025. Information in this record may be superseded or incomplete. Visit this record in UMA's new catalogue at: https://archives.library.unimelb.edu.au/nodes/view/418852Surname: STANTON. Given Name(s) or Initials: N R. Military Service Number or Last Known Location: 435250. Missing, Wounded and Prisoner of War Enquiry Card Index Number: 56406.242999
Item: [2016.0049.51113] "Stanton, N R, 435250
Drive-by-wire systems: some reflections on the trend to automate the driver role
No full textThe purpose of this paper is to review critically the current trend in automobile engineering toward automation of many of the functions previously performed by the driver. Working on the assumption that automation in aviation represents the basic model for driver automation, the costs and benefits of automation in aviation are explored as a means of establishing where automation of drivers' tasks is likely to yield benefits. It is concluded that there are areas where automation can provide benefits to the driver, but there are other areas where this is unlikely to be the case. Automation per se does not guarantee success, and therefore it becomes vital to involve human factors into design to identify where automation of driver functions can be allocated with a beneficial outcome for driving performance.<br/
Ecological interface design two decades on: whatever happened to the SRK taxonomy?
No full textSince first receiving attention in the literature almost 25 years ago, ecological interface design has been applied to a wide variety of man-machine systems across a range of domains. The design framework has its theoretical basis in Gibsonian ecological psychology, and its founding principles draw heavily on Jens Rasmussen’s skills, rules, and knowledge (SRK) taxonomy. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the framework’s applications since Vicente and Rasmussen’s 1992 seminal article detailing the theoretical foundations of the method. There is variation in terms of both the use of the two fundamental components of the method as it was first described, and how it has been supplemented with other phases of the cognitive work analysis; this review highlights these variations with regard to how the design framework has been applied and how these applications have been reported in the literature. The importance of the SRK taxonomy to the framework is specifically discussed following the finding that 40% of reviewed applications do not cite this component despite its centrality to ecological interface design. Attention is drawn to the method’s flexibility and adaptability, to its contribution to the content and form of an interface, and a point is made about the importance of being clear and consistent when reporting how the method has been applied and, where appropriate, adapted
A decision ladder analysis of eco-driving: the first step towards fuel-efficient driving behaviour
No full textThis paper provides a decision ladder analysis of eco-driving, and a discussion of the resultant models in terms of the skills, rules and knowledge taxonomy of human behaviour and how this can inform the design of an in-vehicle, eco-driving support system. In order to understand the types of behaviours that characterise fuel-efficient driving, a review was conducted of the academic literature and of more publicly available resources, such as governmental, car manufacturers' and specific eco-driving organisations' websites. The review identified four largely distinct driving activities that play a central role in the use of fuel in the private road vehicle. A focus group involving four researchers in the transport ergonomics field, followed by a series of five interviews with eco-driving experts, served to validate, supplement and further specify the models
The process of processing: exploring the validity of Neisser's perceptual cycle model with accounts from critical decision-making in the cockpit
No full textThe perceptual cycle model (PCM) has been widely applied in ergonomics research in domains including road, rail and aviation. The PCM assumes that information processing occurs in a cyclical manner drawing on top-down and bottom-up influences to produce perceptual exploration and actions. However, the validity of the model has not been addressed. This paper explores the construct validity of the PCM in the context of aeronautical decision-making. The critical decision method was used to interview 20 helicopter pilots about critical decision-making. The data were qualitatively analysed using an established coding scheme, and composite PCMs for incident phases were constructed. It was found that the PCM provided a mutually exclusive and exhaustive classification of the information-processing cycles for dealing with critical incidents. However, a counter-cycle was also discovered which has been attributed to skill-based behaviour, characteristic of experts. The practical applications and future research questions are discussed
Distributed situation awareness: Advances in theory, measurement and application to team work
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.Situation Awareness (SA) is critical commodity for teams working in complex sociotechnical systems and is thus a fundamental consideration in collaborative system design and evaluation. Despite this, SA remains predominantly an individual construct, with the majority of models and measures focused on SA from an individual perspective. In comparison, team SA has received much less attention and this thesis argues that further work is required in the area both in relation to the development of theoretical perspectives and of valid measures, and to the development of guidelines for system, training and procedure design. This thesis advances team SA theory and measurement by further investigating a recently proposed model of SA in complex collaborative environments, the Distributed Situation Awareness (DSA) approach, and by testing a new methodology for representing and analysing DSA during real world collaborative activities. A review of SA theory and SA measurement approaches is presented. Following this, the DSA theory and propositional network assessment methodology are outlined and a series of case studies on DSA during real world collaborative activities in the military and civil domains are presented. The findings are subsequently used to explore the concept of DSA and the sub-concepts of compatible and transactive SA. In conclusion, a model of DSA in complex collaborative systems is presented, and a series of system design guidelines for supporting DSA are outlined
‘Fallen women’ and ‘artful dodgers’ – historical reflections on youth deviance
No full textThis chapter considers societal discourses about young people, based on historical assumptions concerning class and gender. It focuses primarily on nineteenth century perceptions of a criminal underclass made up of prostitutes and young offenders, driven by their lustful greed for money and sex. During this time there was a high level of moral panic over these perceived gangs. Two distinct gender characterisations are considered: the ‘fallen woman’ and the ‘artful dodger’. This chapter concludes, through a critical appraisal of the literature, that the perception of these groups was far greater than their actual existence. The final section of the chapter considers the legacy and evolution of such labels into the present day.
Distinct stereotypes about young ‘deviants’ existed during the nineteenth century and into the Edwardian era. The ‘fallen woman’ was a label attributed to female members of the lowest strata of society who were considered to be deviant. This term was synonymous with ‘prostitute’ and a stigma of sexual immorality was applied to women of the perceived criminal class. The young male criminal was often termed an ‘artful dodger’; an arrogant, skilled thief who engaged in pickpocketing and other materialist crimes in order to fund his desire for promiscuity and alcoholism. Both ‘fallen women’ and ‘artful dodgers’ were assumed to gather and lodge in gangs where they trained for and planned their crimes, seducing others to join them (Emsley, 2005). These fears emerged from moral panics about juvenile crime in the nineteenth century (Cunningham 1995: 145). It is argued that the levels and causes of such crime were exaggerated by Victorian society, producing irrational fears that influenced policy at the time (Springhall, 1999).
Popular entertainment such as contemporary literature and unlicensed theatres were considered to be causes or contributing factors, and in the case of the latter, breeding grounds for crime (Springhall, 1999). Lodging houses and so-called ‘nurseries of crime’ were believed to exist where prostitutes and young thieves gathered to plan their crimes and spend their dishonest earnings on debauchery. This aggressive consumerism was considered to be far more influential in luring the young into a criminal way of life than the actual need to survive that came with extreme hardship. Pearson (1983: 173) asserts that ‘Victorians gave little or no weight to the material circumstances of unemployment, wretched housing and poverty in their understanding of the crimes of the poor’. Nineteenth century commentators on crime often referred to a decline in religious and moral values among the lower classes as a cause of their succumbing to temptations of ‘evil’. The responses of the time reflected this in the provision of reform schools for young offenders, and missionaries seeking out ‘fallen’ girls (Manton, 1976).
These nineteenth-century stereotypes of young people affected wider public concerns and debate about crime and led to increased legislation, policing, arrests, prosecutions and convictions (Springhall, 1999). Many of the responses only acted to further exaggerate the perceived increase in certain crimes, supposedly being perpetrated by the stigmatised groups. The following discussion explores these stereotypes and their role in clouding the realities of youth deviance during this era
User-centred car design and the role of feedback in driving
No full textThis thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.A survey of car manufacturers reveals an impressive list of upcoming technologies, the combined effect of which is likely to have a profound impact upon feedback to the driver. Feedback is information that the situation provides back to the driver and is specified with reference to content, source, and timing. Feedback quality is achieved when the information requirements of the task, derived from a new task analysis of driving, are matched to the sources, content, and timing of feedback provided by the environment and the vehicle. An exploratory on-road study begins by observing that better quality feedback is
implicated in increasing driver's situational awareness (even though drivers have little self awareness of this fact), and optimising mental workload. The exploratory level of analysis builds into the experimental, whereby a highly controlled simulator study replicates and builds upon these findings. Feedback is again seen to positively influence situational awareness, where changes in driver's confidence ratings as to the presence or absence of feedback information in the simulation were observed, according to the modality of feedback presented. This was achieved with a probe recall paradigm, and using psychophysical techniques as a
useful extension to the Situational awareness Global Assessment Technique
(SAGAI). Similarly, an analysis of mental workload via the NASA TLX self report
questionnaire demonstrates that a combination of visual, steering force feedback and auditory feedback gives rise to lower mental workload, lower driver frustration, and lower, though possibly more realistic self ratings of performance. This knowledge can be discussed with reference to a feedback framework of driving that provides the theoretical backdrop to the key psychological variables implicated in driving task performance. Overall, the findings contribute to knowledge in terms of new and imaginative ways of designing future vehicle technologies in order to maximise safety, efficiency, and enjoyment.This research is funded by the Hamilton Research Studentship
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