513 research outputs found
The Δρομοδείχτης της Ελλάδος of 1824 and Athanasios Stageirites (Τίτλος περίληψης)
No full textσ. [281]-290Κείμενο στα ελληνικά με περίληψη στα αγγλικά με τον τίτλο: The Δρομοδείχτης της Ελλάδος of 1824 and Athanasios StageiritesThe article first examines the close relationship between the publication “Δρομοδείχτης της Ελλάδος” [1824] and the publication “Ηπειρωτικά” (1819) by Athanasios Stageirites and then suggests that Athanasios Stageirites is the likeliest author of the “Δρομοδείχτης της Ελλάδος”.Δωδώνη: Τεύχος Πρώτο: επιστημονική επετηρίδα του Τμήματος Ιστορίας και Αρχαιολογίας της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων; Τόμ. 43-44 (2014-2015
Dataset in support of the Southampton doctoral thesis 'The boatbuilding tradition of the Aegean during the Late Neolithic – Early Bronze Age periods. Typological classification, digital reconstruction and seakeeping assessment'
No full textDataset in support of the Southampton doctoral thesis 'The boatbuilding tradition of the Aegean during the Late Neolithic – Early Bronze Age periods. Typological classification, digital reconstruction and seakeeping assessment' Appendix D - Resistance data and Appendix C - Stability data.
This dataset is focused on two appendices:
Appendix D - Resistance data. D.1 Resistance data produced by the author via MAXSURF Resistance for this thesis.
Appendix C - Stability data
C1. Stability data – STIX and ISO criteria, produced by the author via MAXSURF Stability software for his thesis
This research was funded by Southampton Marine and Maritime Institute (SMMI), Vice-Chancellor's Scholarship, Greek Archaeological Committee UK (GACUK)
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THE REGENERATION OF PURE Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb. STANDS IN PRESPA NATIONAL PARK IN GREECE
No full textKontekst: Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb je vrsta s plastičnosti rasta sposobna za rast u teškim abiotskim uvjetima, kao i u teškim biotskim uvjetima (Hall 1984.; Ahmed et al. 1989., 1990., Fisher i Gardner 1995.; Gardner i Fisher 1996.; Carus 2004.; Milios sur. 2007., 2009., 2011.; Ozkan i sur. 2010.).Cilj: Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati regeneraciju jednoličnih populacija J. excelsa u nacionalnom parku Prespa u Grčkoj i utvrđivanje je li dominantna regeneracija na čistinama ili uz pomoć biljaka zaštitnica.Metoda: Promatrano područje podijeljeno je u devedeset parcela od 500 m2 (20 m x 25 m), u šest strukturnih tipova, koji se nalaze u dva tipa lokacije, s pomoću stratificirane metode slučajnog uzorka. Za karakterizaciju lokacija koristila se dubina tla, koja je određena kroz profil tla (jedan u svakoj parceli) (vidi Papalexandris i Milios 2010.). Lokacija tipa A je lokacija dobre kvalitete (uglavnom produktivni dijelovi područja), dok je lokacija tipa B lokacija srednje kvalitete (manje produktivni dijelovi) (vidi također Stampoulidis i Milios 2010.). Šest strukturnih vrsta jednolikih populacija vrste J. excelsa u nacionalnom parku Prespa su: 1) rijetke (STADS) i 2) guste (STADD) populacije ili skupine na lokaciji tipa A, gdje se u značajnom broju stabala pojavljuje živo lišće (LF) u visini od 50 do 60 cm iznad zemlje, 3) rijetke (STBDS) i 4) guste (STBDD) populacije ili skupine na lokaciji tipa B, gdje se u značajnom broju stabala LF pojavljuje u visini od 50 do 60 cm iznad tla, 5) rijetke (STBDSGR) i 6) guste (STBDDGR) populacije ili skupine na lokaciji tipa B, gdje se LF stabala pojavljuje tik uz zemlju. U svakoj parceli, sve regeneracijske biljke J. excelsa podijeljene su u dvije kategorije. Prva kategorija predstavlja sadnice koje su se primile i rasle uz pomoć drugih biljaka (F), dok se druga kategorija odnosi na sadnice koje se nalaze u prazninama između raslinja bez značajnog bočnog hlada (G).Rezultati i rasprava: Samo dvije regeneracijske biljke J. excelsa kategorije F pronađene su pod raslinjem jedinki drugih vrsta, a ostatak F biljaka rastao je uz pomoć stabala ili skupina stabala J. excelsa. Pomaganje ne dominira u procesu regeneracije J. excelsa u nacionalnom parku Prespa. S druge strane, to ne znači da je regeneracija u prazninama dominantna (Tablice 1 i 3). Iako pomaganje nije dominantan proces u regeneraciji vrste J. excelsa u nacionalnom parku Prespa, značajan broj regeneracijskih biljaka izrasao je uz pomaganje (Tablice 1 i 3). Produktivnost lokacije vjerojatno utječe na proces pomaganja. Primanje većeg broja F sadnica na lokaciji tipa A u usporedbi s lokacijom tipa B (Tablica 2) je vjerojatno rezultat veće količine raspoloživog prostora za rast (vidi Oliver i Larson 1996.) koji se nalazi u blizini i ispod biljaka pomagačica na lokaciji tipa A. To je uglavnom zbog veće dostupnosti vode (kao rezultat dubljeg tla) (vidi Papalexandris i Milios 2010.). Ta veća količina dostupnog prostora rasta daje F biljkama sposobnost da se bolje natječu s biljkama pomagačicama. U 2008. 430 koza, 670 ovaca i 45 krava pase na proučavanom području (podaci lokalnog veterinara). U prošlosti, puno više stoke paslo je na tom području (podaci od starijih stanovnika). U ovom istraživanju ispaša je odlučujući čimbenik koji određuje regeneracijski proces vrste J. excelsa, koja se može primiti i rasti kako na svjetlu tako i u hladu. Iako nisu pronađene popasene sadnice, regeneracijske biljke vjerojatno uništava gaženje. Intenzivna ispaša listača u obližnjim mješovitim populacijama eventualno objašnjava odsutnost tragova ispaše na sadnicama vrste J. excelsa, budući da koze, ovce i goveda preferiraju listače. Čini se da gaženje smanjuje gustoću sadnica u prazninama, što sprječava dominaciju regeneracijskih biljaka koje rastu na punom svjetlu, čak i na dva od tri strukturnih tipa, gdje su područja bez pokrova lišća drveća, a grmlje je oko 60 do 70 % ukupnog područja. S druge strane, ako bi se broj životinja koje pasu znatno povećao, dominantan proces regeneracije vjerojatno bi bila zaštita sadnica od gaženja koju pruža pomaganje biljaka zaštitnica. Vrste J. excelsa mogu biti vrlo zanimljivi kandidati za obnovu degradiranog zemljišta.Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb is a species with growth plasticity that is capable of growing in harsh abiotic environments as well as in severe biotic conditions. In order to analyze the regeneration of J. excelsa pure stands in Prespa National Park of Greece and to determine whether regeneration in gaps or under facilitation of nurse plants dominates, ninety sample plots were established in two site types and six structural types. In each plot, all J. excelsa regeneration plants were graded in 2 categories. The first category represents the seedlings that have been established and grew under the facilitation of other plants, while the second category refers to seedlings that are found in canopy gaps without significant side shade. Facilitation does not dominate in the regeneration process of J. excelsa in Prespa National Park. On the other hand, this does not mean that regeneration in gaps predominates. Even though facilitation is not the dominant process in the regeneration of J. excelsa in Prespa National Park, a significant number of regeneration plants have been established under the facilitation. Site productivity seems to affect the process of facilitation. It seems that the process of grazing through trampling and animal tread determines the regeneration process of the species that can be established and grow either in light or under shade. J. excelsa can be a very interesting candidate species for restoration of degraded lands
Analysis of beech (Fagus sylvatica L. s.l.) natural regeneration in the late successional stands of the species on the Grammos mountain
No full textThis thesis was conducted on Grammos Mountain, on pure beech stands (F. sylvatica) and on mixed stands of beech (F. sylvatica) – fir (A. borisii–regis). The objectives of this study are: a) The analysis of the natural regeneration of beech, established under an opened canopy, b) The analysis of the sprouting characteristics of beech natural regeneration plants, established under an opened canopy, c) The analysis of the advance natural regeneration of beech, d) The analysis of natural regeneration of mixed stands of beech - fir and e) to deduce conclusions and recommend proposals for the forest practice. For the analysis of the natural beech regeneration and the sprouting characteristics of beech, established under an opened canopy, two site types were distinguished while there were appointed three states of site. The states of site B and C (K.B and K.C), were considered to belong to sites of a medium productivity, which are dominating the wider research area.The state of site A (K.A) was considered to belong to productive sites. There were established 45 permanent plots in total. In each state of site were placed using the simple random sampling method, 15 plots sized 2 m2 (2 m x 1 m), which were split into two equal parts of 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m) (subplots). In each subplot, there was performed a classification of the regeneration plants according to their social status (crown classes) to «Dominant», «Codominant», «Intermediate» and «Suppressed». In the autumn of 2011, after the end of the growth period, in one of the two subplots, sized 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m), all regeneration plants were felled at their base, in all three states of site. The plants were cut at the same height near the soil surface. In all these plants the height and the base diameter were measured, while on each stump was placed a tab with the code number of each tree. From the base of each plant that was cut a cross-sectional disc or a part of the plant or whole plant (in the cases of plants having small dimensions) was taken (cut). From each cross-sectional disc (or plant part), the number of the annual growth rings was measured to determine the age of the plant. In the summer of 2012, shortly after the start of the growth period (late June to early July) all the regeneration plants were felled, on the second subplot as well, sized 1m2 (1 m x 1 m) and measurements followed just like on the regeneration plants of the first subplot. After the end of the growth period of 2012 and 2013, measurements were taken regarding to the sprouting characteristics of the regeneration plants. Moreover,during the summer of 2012 from the center of each plot sized 2 m2 (2 m x 1 m), a hemispherical photo was taken and the value of the variable of V.s. was calculated (Visible sky). For the forest structure analysis in pure beech stands with an opened canopy, a surface area of 1 ha (100 m x 100 m) was placed, on a medium productivity site in 2013. At the end of the growth period of 2012, fifty permanent sample plots of 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m) were established in pure beech stands, in areas where advance regeneration of beech appeared, using the simple random sampling method. In each plot, the number and the height of all the regeneration plants (up to 1.30 m height) were counted or measured (the living and the dead), while from the taller regeneration plant of each plot, measurements were made on the annual height increment and on the base diameter for the year 2012. A tab was placed at the base of the highest regeneration plant, for its recognition for the next year. After the end of the growth period of 2013, on these plants measurements of the annual height increment of 2013 were made. Also, the inclination of each plot, the thickness of litter layer, the thickness of the organic matter and the thickness of the layer where there is a mix of the organic matter with the mineral soil were measured and the ground cover percentage of beech regeneration plants and the ground cover percentage of ground vegetation were estimated. The position (regarding slope) where each one of the plots was placed was also determined. In each plot, an estimation of the ground cover percentage from the canopy was made at the 1 m x 1 m plot and in 5 m x 5 m as well as 10 m x 10 m areas (having as center the 1 m x 1 m plot). In 2013, a plot of 1 ha (100 m x 100 m) was placed, for the analysis of the forest structure. During the end of summer and the first part of autumn of 2011, in mixed stands of beech - fir 73 plots of 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m) were placed using the simple random sampling method. The number of regeneration plants and the height for each regeneration plant (up to 1.30 m height) of the two species were counted or measured in each sample plot. At the base of the highest regeneration plant of each plot, of each one of the two species, a tab was placed, in order to make new measurements the next growth period. Furthermore, the thickness of litter layer and the thickness of the organic matter were measured in each sample plot, while estimation about the percentage of the ground cover by the ground vegetation was made. Also, an estimation of the canopy density was made, for each of the two species on 1 m x 1 m plot, and in 5 m x 5 m and 10 m x 10 m areas (having as center the 1 m x 1 m plot). After the end of the growth period of 2012, the diameter of the base of the tallest regeneration plant of both species (beech - fir) and the annual growth of those were measured in each plot. During the summer of 2012 a hemispherical photo was taken from the center of each plot, and the value of the variable of V.s. (Visible sky) was calculated. After the end of the measurements, the highest regeneration plant from each species was felled (cut) from the base and a part of the plant or whole plant was transferred to the laboratory and from these, the number of annual growth rings was measured. In 2012, a 1 ha plot (100 m x 100 m) was placed for the analysis of the forest structure. The main results, conclusions of this study, are listed below.The establishment under an opened canopy of beech regeneration can last for several decades. The sprouting percentages, per plot, of regeneration plants established under an opened canopy are high in all three states of site, especially in stumps of dominant and codominant plants. These percentages and the spatial distribution of stumps that sprouted per plot are ensuring the maintenance of the coverage of the ground by beech plants, in case some disturbance will damage the above-ground part of plants of beech regeneration. The plant size affects the number of sprout and under a size limit, the effect is greater. As younger are in age, as smaller are in dimensions and as less mean annual increment is exhibited by the plants, the less they sprout. The total number sprouts per stump developed below the point (surface) of cut, it is satisfactory in contrast to the number of sprouts that developed from the point (surface) of cut. In two of the states of site the sprouting percentage of regeneration plants, per plot, of all social status, was higher in the cutting done in the summer of 2012, compared with the cutting that took place in autumn 2011. The sprouting percentage of regeneration plants, per plot, was greater on 2013 measurements compared with that of 2012. The total number of sprouts of regeneration plants, per stump, from all social status, was higher in the measurement made in 2013 in relation to the measurement made in 2012. The height of the tallest sprout per stump, it correlated (with a positive correlation) with age, height, base diameter of the regeneration plant as well as the average annual increment of the regeneration plant. The greater is the number of sprouts, the highest is the tallest sprout. This fact shows that a potential competition between the sprouts does not reduce the height of the tallest sprout. The number of plants of advance regeneration of beech, in pure stands, is very high, considering that it is advance regeneration. The regeneration both of beech and fir appears satisfactory in the mixed stands, while there is no difference in density between the two species of regeneration plants. In the future, the participation of fir will increase in the mixed stands and the current condition of the structure and composition of forest species will be altered. This, possibly, will have a duration of short to medium term. The beech presence favors even slightly the regeneration of the species below its crown, while the presence of fir acts negatively to the establishment of beech under the crown of the species. The presence of fir favors even slightly the regeneration of the species under its crown, and the presence (in the canopy) of beech does not affect the regeneration of fir. It seems that the establishment of fir is favored in micro - environments with low lighting, compared with beech. Also, there is an indication that the fir withstands more the shading than the beechΗ παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκε στο όρος Γράμμος, σε αμιγείς συστάδες οξιάς (Fagus sylvatica), αλλά και σε μικτές συστάδες οξιάς (F. sylvatica) - ελάτης (Abies borisii–regis). Οι σκοποί της παρούσας διατριβής είναι: α) Η ανάλυση της φυσικής αναγέννησης της οξιάς που έχει εγκατασταθεί κάτω από αραιωμένη κομοστέγη, β) Η ανάλυση των χαρακτηριστικών της παραβλάστησης μετά την υλοτομία των ατόμων της φυσικής αναγέννησης της οξιάς, που έχει εγκατασταθεί κάτω από αραιωμένη κομοστέγη, γ) Η ανάλυση της πρόδρομης φυσικής αναγέννησης της οξιάς, δ) Η ανάλυση της φυσικής αναγέννησης των μικτών συστάδων της οξιάς - ελάτης και ε) Η συναγωγή συμπερασμάτων και η δημιουργία προτάσεων για τη δασική πράξη. Για την ανάλυση της φυσικής αναγέννησης της οξιάς και των χαρακτηριστικών της παραβλάστησης των ατόμων της φυσικής αναγέννησης, που έχει εγκατασταθεί κάτω από αραιωμένη κομοστέγη, διαχωρίστηκαν δύο σταθμικοί τύποι, ενώ ορίστηκαν τρεις καταστάσεις σταθμού. Οι καταστάσεις σταθμού Β΄ και Γ΄ (Κ.Β και Κ.Γ) θεωρήθηκε ότι ανήκουν στους σταθμούς μέτριας παραγωγικότητας, που κυριαρχούν στην ευρύτερη περιοχή έρευνας. Η κατάσταση σταθμού Α΄ (Κ.Α) θεωρήθηκε ότι ανήκει στους παραγωγικούς σταθμούς. Συνολικά τοποθετήθηκαν 45 μόνιμες επιφάνειες. Σε κάθε κατάσταση σταθμού τοποθετήθηκαν με απλή τυχαία δειγματοληψία 15 επιφάνειες μεγέθους 2 m2 (2 m x 1 m), οι οποίες χωρίστηκαν σε δύο ίσα μέρη του 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m) (υπο - επιφάνειες). Σε κάθε επιφάνεια, έγινε κατάταξη των φυτών της αναγέννησης σύμφωνα με την κοινωνική τους θέση σε «Κυρίαρχα», «Συγκυρίαρχα», «Ενδιάμεσα» και «Καταπιεσμένα». Το φθινόπωρο του έτους 2011, μετά το τέλος της βλαστητικής περιόδου και στις τρεις καταστάσεις σταθμού, σε μια υπο - επιφάνεια από τις δύο του 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m), υλοτομήθηκαν όλα τα φυτά της αναγέννησης στη βάση τους. Τα φυτά κόπηκαν στο ίδιο ύψος, κοντά στην επιφάνεια του εδάφους. Σε όλα αυτά τα φυτά μετρήθηκε το ύψος και η διάμετρος βάσης, ενώ σε κάθε πρέμνο τοποθετήθηκε καρτέλα με τον κωδικό αριθμό κάθε δέντρου. Από τα φυτά της αναγέννησης που υλοτομήθηκαν, λήφθηκε κορμικός δίσκος από τη βάση του ή τμήμα του φυτού ή ολόκληρο το φυτό (όταν το φυτό είχε πολύ μικρές διαστάσεις). Από κάθε κορμικό δίσκο - τμήμα του φυτού της αναγέννησης, μετρήθηκε ο αριθμός των ετήσιων αυξητικών δακτυλίων για τον προσδιορισμό της ηλικίας του φυτού. Το καλοκαίρι του έτους 2012, λίγο μετά την έναρξη της βλαστητικής περιόδου (τέλος Ιουνίου με αρχές Ιουλίου), υλοτομήθηκαν όλα τα φυτά της αναγέννησης και στη δεύτερη υπο - επιφάνεια του 1m2 (1 m x 1 m) και ακολούθησαν οι μετρήσεις όπως ακριβώς στα φυτά της αναγέννησης της πρώτης υπο - επιφάνειας. Μετά το τέλος της βλαστητικής περιόδου του έτους 2012 και του 2013, έγιναν μετρήσεις που αφορούσαν τα χαρακτηριστικά της παραβλάστησης των φυτών της αναγέννησης. Επιπλέον, το καλοκαίρι του έτους 2012 από το κέντρο κάθε επιφάνειας των 2 m2 (2 m x 1 m), λήφθηκε ημισφαιρική φωτογραφία και υπολογίστηκε η τιμή της μεταβλητής του V.s. (Visible sky). Για την ανάλυση της δομής του δάσους στις αμιγείς συστάδες οξιάς, με αραιωμένη κομοστέγη, το έτος 2013 τοποθετήθηκε μια επιφάνεια έκτασης 1 ha (100 m x 100 m), στο μέτριας παραγωγικότητας σταθμό. Στις αμιγείς συστάδες οξιάς, όπου εμφανίζεται πρόδρομη αναγέννηση της οξιάς, εγκαταστάθηκαν στο τέλος της βλαστητικής περιόδου το έτος 2012, 50 μόνιμες δειγματοληπτικές επιφάνειες μεγέθους 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m), με απλή τυχαία δειγματοληψία. Σε κάθε επιφάνεια μετρήθηκε ο αριθμός και το ύψος όλων των φυτών της αναγέννησης (των ζωντανών και των νεκρωμένων), ενώ από το ψηλότερο φυτό αναγέννησης κάθε επιφάνειας, μετρήθηκε η ετήσια αύξηση και η διάμετρος βάσης για το έτος 2012. Ως φυτά της αναγέννησης θεωρήθηκαν τα φυτά της οξιάς με ύψος έως 1,30 m. Στη βάση του ψηλότερου φυτού της αναγέννησης τοποθετήθηκε καρτέλα για την αναγνώρισή του το επόμενο έτος. Μετά το τέλος της βλαστητικής περιόδου του έτους 2013, στα φυτά αυτά μετρήθηκε επίσης και η ετήσια αύξηση του έτους 2013. Επίσης, μετρήθηκε η κλίση της κάθε επιφάνειας, το πάχος του ξηροτάπητα, της οργανικής ουσίας και του στρώματος που είναι αναμεμιγμένη η οργανική ουσία με το ανόργανο έδαφος και εκτιμήθηκε το ποσοστό εδαφοκάλυψης από την αναγέννηση της οξιάς και του ποσοστού εδαφοκάλυψης από την παρεδαφιαία βλάστηση. Επίσης, προσδιορίστηκε και η θέση στην οποία τοποθετήθηκε κάθε μία από τις επιφάνειες. Σε κάθε επιφάνεια, έγινε εκτίμηση του ποσοστού εδαφοκάλυψης από την κομοστέγη στο 1 m x 1 m, (με κέντρο το κέντρο της επιφάνειας), στο 5 m x 5 m και στο 10 m x 10 m, (με κέντρο την επιφάνεια του 1 m x 1 m). Για την ανάλυση της δομής του δάσους το έτος 2013, τοποθετήθηκε μια επιφάνεια έκτασης 1 ha (100 m x 100 m). Στις μικτές συστάδες οξιάς – ελάτης, στο τέλος του καλοκαιριού και αρχές του φθινοπώρου του έτους 2011, τοποθετήθηκαν 73 επιφάνειες του 1 m2 (1 m x 1 m) με απλή τυχαία δειγματοληψία. Σε κάθε δειγματοληπτική επιφάνεια μετρήθηκε ο αριθμός των φυτών της αναγέννησης και το ύψος για κάθε είδος. Ως φυτά της αναγέννησης θεωρήθηκαν τα φυτά με ύψος έως 1,30 m. Στο ψηλότερο φυτό της αναγέννησης κάθε επιφάνειας από κάθε είδος, τοποθετήθηκε στη βάση του καρτέλα, ώστε την επόμενη βλαστητική περίοδο να γίνουν νέες μετρήσεις. Επιπλέον, σε κάθε δειγματοληπτική επιφάνεια μετρήθηκε το πάχος του ξηροτάπητα και το πάχος της οργανικής ουσίας, ενώ έγινε εκτίμηση του ποσοστού εδαφοκάλυψης από την παρεδαφιαία βλάστηση. Επίσης, έγινε εκτίμηση της συγκόμωσης, καθενός από τα δύο είδη, στο 1 m x 1 m, (με κέντρο το κέντρο της επιφάνειας), στο 5 m x 5 m και στο 10 m x 10 m (με κέντρο την επιφάνεια 1 m x 1 m). Μετά το τέλος της βλαστητικής περιόδου του έτους 2012 από κάθε επιφάνεια μετρήθηκε η διάμετρος στη βάση του ψηλότερου φυτού αναγέννησης και των δύο κύριων δασοπονικών ειδών, (οξιάς – ελάτης) καθώς και η ετήσια αύξηση αυτών. Από το κέντρο κάθε επιφάνειας, το καλοκαίρι του έτους 2012 λήφθηκε ημισφαιρική φωτογραφία και υπολογίστηκε η τιμή της μεταβλητής του V.s. (Visible sky). Μετά το τέλος των μετρήσεων, το ψηλότερο φυτό αναγέννησης από κάθε είδος υλοτομήθηκε (κόπηκε) από τη βάση του και τμήμα του φυτού ή ολόκληρο το φυτό μεταφέρθηκε στο εργαστήριο και από αυτά μετρήθηκε ο αριθμός των ετήσιων αυξητικών δακτυλίων. Για την ανάλυση της δομής του δάσους το έτος 2012, τοποθετήθηκε μια επιφάνεια έκτασης 1ha (100 m x 100 m). Τα σημαντικότερα αποτελέσματα και συμπεράσματα της διατριβής αυτής αναφέρονται παρακάτω.Η εγκατάσταση της αναγέννησης της οξιάς κάτω από αραιωμένη κομοστέγη, μπορεί να διαρκέσει για αρκετές δεκάδες χρόνια. Τα ποσοστά παραβλάστησης, ανά επιφάνεια, των φυτών της αναγέννησης που εγκαταστάθηκαν κάτω από αραιωμένη κομοστέγη και στις τρεις καταστάσεις σταθμού είναι υψηλά, ιδιαίτερα στα πρέμνα των κυρίαρχων και συγκυρίαρχων ατόμων. Τα ποσοστά αυτά και η χωρική κατανομή των πρέμνων που παραβλάστησαν, ανά επιφάνεια, εξασφαλίζουν τη διατήρηση της κάλυψης του εδάφους, σε περίπτωση που κάποια διατάραξη ζημιώσει το υπέργειο τμήμα των φυτών της αναγέννησης της οξιάς. Το μέγεθος των φυτών επηρεάζει τον αριθμό των παραβλαστημάτων και κάτω από ένα όριο μεγέθους η επίδραση είναι μεγαλύτερη. Όσο μικρότερης ηλικίας, διαστάσεων και μέσης ετήσιας προσαύξησης είναι τα φυτά, τόσο λιγότερο παραβλαστάνουν. Το σύνολο των παραβλαστημάτων που δημιουργήθηκαν χαμηλότερα από το σημείο τομής ανά πρέμνο, είναι ικανοποιητικό, σε αντίθεση με τον αριθμό (σύνολο) των παραβλαστημάτων που δημιουργήθηκαν από το σημείο τομής. Σε δύο από τις καταστάσεις σταθμού το ποσοστό παραβλάστησης των φυτών της αναγέννησης, ανά επιφάνεια, όλων των κοινωνικών θέσεων, που εμφανίστηκε μετά την υλοτομία που έγινε το καλοκαίρι του έτους 2012, ήταν μεγαλύτερο σε σχέση με αυτό που υπήρξε μετά την υλοτομία που έγινε το φθινόπωρο του έτους 2011. Το ποσοστό παραβλάστησης των φυτών της αναγέννησης, ανά επιφάνεια, ήταν μεγαλύτερο στη μέτρηση που έγινε το έτος 2013 σε σχέση με αυτό του έτους 2012. Το σύνολο των παραβλαστημάτων ανά πρέμνο των φυτών της αναγέννησης, όλων των κοινωνικών θέσεων, ήταν μεγαλύτερο στη μέτρηση που έγινε το έτος 2013, σε σχέση με τη μέτρηση που έγινε το έτος 2012. Το ύψος του ψηλότερου παραβλαστήματος ανά πρέμνο, σχετίζεται (με θετική συσχέτιση) με την ηλικία, το ύψος, τη διάμετρο βάσης και τη μέση ετήσια προσαύξηση του φυτού της αναγέννησης. Όσο μεγαλύτερος είναι ο αριθμός των παραβλαστημάτων, τόσο πιο ψηλό είναι το ψηλότερο παραβλάστημα. Το γεγονός αυτό, δείχνει ότι ο ενδεχόμενος ανταγωνισμός ανάμεσα στα παραβλαστήματα δε μειώνει το ύψος του ψηλότερου παραβλαστήματος.Ο αριθμός των φυτών της πρόδρομης αναγέννησης της οξιάς (όπου αυτή εμφανίζεται), στις αμιγείς συστάδες της, είναι ιδιαίτερα υψηλός, αν αναλογιστούμε ότι είναι πρόδρομη αναγέννηση. Η αναγέννηση τόσο της οξιάς, όσο και της ελάτης, εμφανίζεται ικανοποιητική στις μικτές συστάδες τους, ενώ δεν εμφανίζεται διαφορά πυκνότητας ανάμεσα στα φυτά της αναγέννησης των δύο ειδών. Στο μέλλον, η εμφάνιση της ελάτης θα αυξηθεί και η τωρινή κατάσταση της δομής και της σύνθεσης των ειδών του δάσους θα μεταβληθεί. Αυτό, κατά πάσα πιθανότητα, θα έχει διάρκεια σε ορίζοντα, βραχυπρόθεσμο έως μεσοπρόθεσμο. Η παρουσία οξιάς ευνοεί έστω και ασθενώς την αναγέννηση του είδους κάτω από την κόμη της, ενώ αντιθέτως, η παρουσία της ελάτης δρα αρνητικά στην εγκατάσταση της οξιάς κάτω από την κόμη των ατόμων του είδους. Η παρουσία ελάτης ευνοεί έστω και ασθενώς την αναγέννηση του είδους κάτω από την κόμη της, ενώ η παρουσία (συγκόμωσης) οξιάς δεν επηρεάζει την αναγέννηση της ελάτης. Διαφαίνεται ότι η εγκατάσταση της ελάτης ευνοείται σε μικρο - περιβάλλοντα με χαμηλότερο φωτισμό σε σχέση με την οξιά. Επίσης, υπάρχει ένδειξη ότι η ελάτη αντέχει περισσότερο στη σκίαση από την οξιά
Peak power reduction algorithms in asymmetric digital subscriber line modems
No full textThesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-96).This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.This thesis investigates peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction techniques for multicarrier modulation systems, such as discrete multitone (DMT) modems and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (OFDM) terrestrial broadcast transmitters. Through simulation and test implementation on a state-of-the-art programmable ADSL development platform, this thesis pursues a suitable solution for minimizing PAR given the resources of a programmable platform. This solution is integrated as a prototype implementation into a fully-functional ADSL modem and optimized for maximum PAR reduction performance within modem complexity constraints.by Athanasios Dimitri Dousis.M.Eng
Homophobic Statements, a Bishop, and the Limits of Freedom of Expression. An In-Depth Commentary on ECtHR 31.08.2023, Amvrosios-Athanasios Lenis v. Greece, no. 47833/20
No full textDichiarazioni omofobe, un vescovo e i limiti della libertà di espressione. Un commento approfondito su CEDU 31.08.2023, Amvrosios-Athanasios Lenis v. Greece, no. 47833/20.
ABSTRACT: The decision of the ECtHR of 31.08.2023, Amvrosios-Athanasios Lenis v. Greece (no. 47833/20), is a further step toward an increasingly dense jurisprudence on “hate speech” and the limits of freedom of expression. The public proclamation of religious doctrines that are in conflict with the values of the contracting States enshrined in the ECHR is protected to a certain extent by the fundamental right of freedom of religion and belief. However, the qualification of a statement as religious does not justify “hate speech.” The AUTHOR shows the tension between freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and protection against discrimination, and analyzes the decision against the backdrop of Article 17 of the ECHR (prohibition of abuse of rights).
SOMMARIO: 1. Preliminary Remarks - 2. The Concept of Hate Speech - 3. The Facts of the Case - 4. The Procedure and Reasoning of the Court - 4.1 The ECtHR’s Preliminary Considerations on Fundamental Rights - 4.2 Legal assessment - 4.3 Some Remarks on (the Non-Invoked) Article 9 of the ECHR - 5. Concluding Remarks
La tomba III di Haghios Athanasios e il valore semantico dell'incarnato
No full textThe tomb III at Haghios Athanasios stands out among the Macedonian tombs for the exceptional painted decoration of the temple-like façade. Excavated in the '90s by M. Tsimbidou-Avloniti it has been published by the scholar in full detail and the iconographic program of the monument has been the object of many publications. This article re-examines the different ways of reproducing the skin color (το ανδρείκελον) in the figures of the miniature frieze and in the megalographic figures beside the door. The realistic rendering of the megalographic figures of armed men in Macedonian attire, showing their sorrow for the lost of an etairos, is contrasting with the pale color of the participants to the symposion in the frieze above the door, a scene whose illusionistic overtone has been yet perceived by the critics. This symposion is articulated in three scenes and it can be interpeted as a necrodeipnon, but in the same time as a celebration of the Macedonian banquet style, centered on the royal court. The author suggests that the first figure on the right of the frieze, related to the group of armed men looking towards the banqueters feasting in the center of the frieze, can be read as the dead himself, for the particular rendering of his ανδρείκελον, showing the typical ochròtes or necròdes face color, according to the contemporary medical lexicon. The pathetic stance assumed by the same figure, the sole in the group which is not bearing arms, seems to confirm his role in the context of the scene
Mixed Stands in Prespa National Park of Greece as a Base for the Assessment of the Appropriate Silvicultural Treatment for the Conservation of the Species
No full textAnalysis of the regeneration of mixed stands of Juniperus excelsa (Greek juniper) in Prespa National Park revealed two distinct structural types: a) stands with small gaps, and b) stands without gaps. Fifteen 500-square-meter sample plots were established in each structural type. All plant species were counted in each plot, and Greek juniper plants were classified into two groups based on their regeneration status. Plants that have been established and grow under the facilitation of other plants fall into the first group, while those that have been established and grow in light, in canopy gaps, belong to the second. Regarding the regeneration of Greek juniper in the Greek juniper mixed stands with small gaps, facilitation is not the primary mechanism at work. There are less Greek juniper regeneration plants in the gap-free structural type, compared with the small-gap type. Greek juniper regeneration plant density will decrease if gaps close. Finally, in both structural types, the other species\u27 regeneration plants exhibit higher density than those of Greek juniper. Creating gaps around Greek juniper trees by extensive intervention is one of the most successful ways for the forest practice to protect the Greek juniper mixed stands
Computational Modelling of Compaction in Asphaltic Mixtures and Geomaterials
No full textAsphaltic mixtures are heterogeneous composite materials consisting of aggregates coated and bound by asphalt binder. The long term performance of asphaltic pavements is highly dependent on the mechanical behaviour of the asphaltic mixture during construction (mixing and compaction) and operation; inadequate mixture compaction leads to faster moisture and oxygen diffusion, ravelling, rutting and poor fatigue life
Moisture damage susceptibility of asphalt mixtures: Experimental characterization and modelling
No full textA well-functioning, long-lasting and safe highway infrastructure network ensures the mobility of people and facilitates the transport of goods, promoting thus environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The development of sustainable highway infrastructure requires, among other activities, the construction of pavement systems with enhanced durability. Moisture damage in asphalt pavements is associated with inferior performance, unexpected failures and reduced service life. All of these contribute to the increase of operational and maintenance costs in order to fulfill the intended service life of the pavement system. Moreover, global warming and climate change events such as temperature extremes, high mean precipitation and rainfall intensity may further increase the probability and rate of pavement deterioration. This dissertation aims to obtain an advanced understanding of the influence of moisture on pavement durability by developing a set of tools, i.e. experimental methods and computational models, which will provide insight into the fundamental moisture damage processes and on their impact on pavement systems. Based on this knowledge, researchers and practitioners will be able not only to design pavements with increased resiliency, thereby providing reliable services to road users, but also to minimize the risks in the face of changing climate conditions.Moisture diffusion is well-known to degrade the mechanical properties of asphalt mortars, namely bitumen, filler and sand, thus increasing the propensity of pavements to cracking. To determine the changes in the cohesion properties of the mortar, uniaxial tension tests were performed. Mortar samples were prepared and then subjected to five combinations of moisture and thermal conditioning, in an attempt to reproduce the various conditioning states that pavements undergo in the field, before being tested. Tensile strength and fracture energy were used to evaluate the changes in mechanical properties due to the various conditioning protocols. To post-process the experimental data, a new data analysis procedure was suggested in order to obtain a more accurate calculation of fracture energy. The procedure uses nonlinear finite element analysis to specify the unloading response outside the fracture zone, and then utilizes this information to compute the fracture energy of the binders. This methodology yields a framework for the calculation of fracture energy when only force-displacement data are available and therefore the estimation of the true stress-strain curve is not feasible.The experimental investigation revealed the deteriorating impact of moisture on the fracture characteristics of asphalt mortars, especially as regards to their low temperature properties. These effects were not reversible upon drying. On the contrary, the application of a drying cycle caused embrittlement of the mortars and indicated that continuous wet and drying cycles in the field may result in materials with poor performance characteristics. Also, the application of freeze-thaw cycles was shown to increase the susceptibility of mortars to low temperature cracking. Nevertheless, on the whole, the effect of freeze-thaw on fracture properties was observed to depend on the conditioning state (dry or wet) and composition of the mortars. The use of additives, such as hydrated lime filler and SBS modifiers, were found to improve the wet strength and fracture energy of the mortars. On the basis of moisture uptake measurements, it was confirmed that the chemical composition influences significantly the diffusivity characteristics of the mortars. Also, the maximum moisture uptake was found to be the main parameter that dictates the intensity of mortar damage. In addition, moisture susceptibility was studied at mixture level. At this level, besides moisture diffusion, excess pore pressure can contribute to the degradation of mixture performance depending on the mixture type, the traffic loading and the environmental conditions. Hence, a moisture conditioning protocol that comprises two conditioning types, namely bath immersion and pore pressure application, was proposed for evaluating susceptibility of asphalt mixtures to moisture. Also, evidence was collected of the effect that dynamic pore pressure has on mixture degradation by means of X-ray computed tomography and image analysis techniques. The two damage mechanisms were found to be relatively independent from each other, suggesting that an asphalt mixture can be more prone to one damage mode than the other, depending on its composition. The proposed protocol captures both processes that occur when water interacts with a pavement and can provide more reliable conclusions with regard to mixture sensitivity.In order to improve our perception of the influence of material microstructures on moisture sensitivity of the asphalt composite, an energy-based elasto-visco-plastic model with softening was implemented to model damage due to the coupled effects of moisture diffusion and mechanical loading. The model consists of a generalized Maxwell model, with hyperelastic springs and viscous time-dependent components, in series with an inelastic component that accounts for the irreversible processes within the microstructure of the material. Then, a computational scheme was proposed by means of a staggered approach: first a three-dimensional diffusion model was applied to obtain information on the accumulation of moisture within the mixtures and then the elasto-visco-plastic model was used to quantify mortar damage due to moisture diffusion. This method was successfully applied to study the influence of mixture morphology on moisture sensitivity. The results demonstrated that moisture content in a mixture strongly depends on its morphology, whereas the interconnectivity of the voids network controls the rate of damage development. Also, the analysis revealed the positive effect of using binders with high resistivity against moisture and quantified the benefits that would arise due to this choice, especially when designing porous mixtures that have an intrinsic sensitivity to moisture due to their morphological characteristics.More broadly, frost damage can be classified as part of the moisture damage related mechanisms. In the field, frost damage can be mainly attributed to the expansion of water accumulated in the pores of the pavement at sub-zero temperatures that causes additional stresses to the pavement structure. A numerical scheme to simulate frost damage was proposed. This scheme comprises a model that simulates the volume expansion of water during the water-to-ice phase-change, a thermal conduction model to simulate temperature distribution in the pavement, and the elasto-visco-plastic model to determine critical areas with a propensity to cracking on the basis of the pavement stresses.In conclusion, this thesis contributes to establishing a relationship of the physico-mechanical properties of the constituent materials and mixture morphology with the moisture susceptibility of pavement structures. The proposed experimental methods and computational models can serve as tools to investigate a great variety of parameters before a pavement structure is actually built. This allows for new materials and mixture designs to be investigated and the risks involved with their use to be minimized.<br/
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