1,721,081 research outputs found
The possible apple yield forecast improvement with the image analysis with additional sampling
Get PDFZgodnja in natančna napoved pridelka jabolk je izjemnega pomena za organizacijo obiranja, pripravo hladilniškega prostora, odbire sadja za daljše skladiščenje in določanje prodajnih cen in poti, saj je jablana najpomembnejša sadna vrsta v Sloveniji. Leta 2009 smo na širšem sadjarskem območju Slovenije z intenzivno pridelavo jabolk izvajali poskus, v katerega so bile vključene glavne slovenske sorte jabolk: ´Braeburn´, ´Elstar´, ´Fuji´, ´Gala´, ´Idared´, ´Jonagold´ in ´Zlati delišes´. Želeli smo preveriti možnost povečanja natančnosti napovedi pridelka jabolk po metodi analize slik, v katero smo poleg prvega, rednega vzorčenja v juliju dodatno vključili še septembra. Pri izvajanju meritev smo uporabili dlančnik ASUS 565 z vgrajenim GPS sprejemnikom, ki nas je pripeljal do željenega nasada in kamero za fotografiranje dreves. Po zaključenem delu na terenu, smo s pomočjo računalniške analize slike v laboratoriju napovedali pričakovani pridelek. Dobljeni rezultati po sortah so pokazali, da je julijska napoved v povprečju podcenila pridelek za 7 %, septembrska pa ga je nasprotno precenila le še za 2 %. Septembrska napoved je pri 13 pridelovalcih od 21 v povprečju precenila pridelke le za 4 %, medtem ko ga je julijska napoved v povprečju podcenila za 9 %. Rezultati po pridelovalnih območjih so pokazali, da se je septembrska napoved v primerjavi z julijsko izboljšala na pridelovalnih območjih Slovenske gorice, Posavje in Osrednja Slovenija, saj je bila septembrska napoved v povprečju precenjena le za 6 % v primerjavi z julijsko, ki je v povprečju podcenjena za 9 %. Dobljeni rezultati so vzpodbudni, saj nam je uspelo z dodatnim vzorčenjem v septembru pri nekaterih napovedih zmanjšati razliko med napovedanim in tehtanim pridelkom pod 5 %. Kljub temu je še nekaj odstopanj, ki jih pripisujemo specifičnosti posameznih lokacij in jih z univerzalnim pristopom ni možno popolnoma opisati in zajeti v algoritem za napoved.An early and exact apple yield forecast has an exceptional meaning for organization of picking, preparation of cooling rooms, selecting the fruit for longer warehouse residence and for defining selling prices and ways, because the apple tree is the most important fruit in Slovenia. In 2009 we did the experiment on the broad fruit growing area in Slovenia, which had an intensive apple harvest. The test included the main varieties of apples such as ´Braeburn´, ´Elstar´, ´Fuji´, ´Gala´, ´Idared´, ´Jonagold´ and ´Golden Delicious´. We wanted to examine the possibility of increase precision of apple yield forecast with the image analysis method in which besides samplings in July and additional one in September was included. During the examination we used a camera to capture photos of the trees and a personal digital assistant ASUS P565 with GPS receiver, which brought us to a wanted plantation. After completed fieldwork we forecasted the expected yield with the help of computer image analysis in the laboratory. The varieties results have shown that the forecast in July has undervaluated the yield for 7 % but has even overvaluated it for 2 % in September. The September forecast has on average overvaluated the yield only for 4 % by 13 producers out of 21, meanwhile the July forecast has undervaluated it for 9 %. The gained results on the harvesting areas have shown that the forecast in September in comparison to the forecast in July has improved in Slovenske gorice, Posavje, and in central Slovenia. The forecast for September was on average overvaluated only for 6 % in comparison to the forecast in July, which is on average undervaluated for 9 %. The gained results are promising because with the additional sampling in September we have managed to reduce the difference under 5 % between the forecast of the yield and the actual weight of the yield. In spite of all there are still some deviations which are attributed to some specific areas and cannot be described and captured to the forecast with the universal algorithm
RECONSTRUCTION OF HEATING SYSTEM FOR REQUIREMENT OF GREENHOUSE
Get PDFPri pridelavi okrasnih rastlin in zelenjave potrebujemo v našem podnebnem pasu dodatno ogrevanje v hladnejših delih leta. V zadnjem času se zaradi ekološkega vidika in višanja cen fosilnih goriv, pojavlja potreba po alternativnih načinih ogrevanja. Namen diplomske naloge je bil preučiti, ali je ogrevanje na lesne sekance primerna alternativa oljnim pečem. Ker gre za dokaj nov način ogrevanja na vrtnarijah, je bilo pomembno raziskati tehnične pomanjkljivosti in rešitve, ki se lahko pojavijo pri adaptaciji ogrevalnega sistema. V kurilnem obdobju 2010/2011, ki je trajalo od 28. oktobra do 15. aprila je bilo skurjenih 450 m3 lesnih sekancev različnih drevesnih vrst. Izračunan ekvivalent porabljene količine kurilnega olja v istem obdobju pa bi znašal 35 549, 42 litrov. Zaradi cenejšega načina ogrevanja, bi znašala doba amortizacije 7 let. Ob upoštevanju dobljenih izračunov lahko z gotovostjo trdimo, da je ogrevanje vrtnarij na lesne sekance primerna alternativa oljnim pečem, kljub dejstvu da je začetna investicija še vedno visoka.For the production of ornamental plants and vegetables we need in our climate zone further heating in the colder parts of the year. Recently, due to ecological and rising prices of fossil fuels, there is a need for alternative means of heating. The purpose of the thesis was to examine whether a wood chip heating is a suitable alternative to oil-fired boilers. Since this is a fairly new method of heating greenhouses, it was important to explore the technical deficiencies and solutions that may affect the heating system renovation. In the 2010/2011 heating season, which lasted from 28 October to 15 April there were burned 450 m3 chips of various tree species. Calculated equivalent amount of oil consumed in the same period would amount to 35 549, 42 liters. By low-cost heating, the annual savings would reduce the amortization period to 7 years. Taking into account the resulting calculations, we can confidently say that heating greenhouses with woodchips is a suitable alternative to oil-fired boilers, despite the fact that the initial investment is still high
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
COMPARISON OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN TWO TYPES OF GREENHOUSES HEATED BY BIOMASS
Get PDFLesna biomasa postaja pomemben vir energije tudi v intenzivni kmetijski pridelavi v zaprtih prostorih. Namen diplomskega dela je podrobneje proučiti toplotne izgube, ki se pojavljajo v plastenjakih (vrtnarija 1) in steklenjakih (vrtnarija 2) in izračunati potrebno količino goriva ter primerjati rezultate z dejansko porabo lesnih sekancev v obeh vrtnarijah v obdobju dveh mesecev. S pomočjo meritev temperature in izračunov toplotnih izgub smo ugotovili: toplotne izgube na enoto prostornine vrtnarije 1 so bile 1,12 kW/m3, medtem ko so v vrtnariji 2 znašale 1,22 kW/m3. Izračunana poraba goriva na enoto prostornine je znašala 6,78 kg/m3 v vrtnariji 1 in 7,36 kg/m3 v vrtnariji 2, kar je primerljivo z dejansko porabo lesne biomase (7,17 kg/m3 v vrtnariji 1, 7,58 kg/m3 v vrtnariji 2). Če poleg vseh parametrov, upoštevamo še višji temperaturni primanjkljaj v vrtnariji 2, lahko zaključimo, da so energetsko učinkovitejši steklenjaki vrtnarije 2.Wood biomass is becoming an important source of energy in the intensive agricultural production in greenhouses. The aim of my thesis was to analyse the heat losses occurring in plastic greenhouses (gardening 1) comparing to glasshouses (gardening 2). Furthermore, we calculated the required amount of fuel and compare the results with the actual biomass consumption during two months period. Using temperature measurements and heat loss calculations we can conclude that there was no difference between two types of greenhouse since in gardening 1 heat loss per unit of volume was 1.12 kW/m3 comparing to gardening 2 where heat loss per unit of volume reached 1.22 kW/m3. Calculated fuel consumption per unit of volume was 6.78 kg/m3 in gardening 1 and 7.36 kg/m3 in gardening 2, which is also comparable to actual biomass consumption (7.17 kg/m3 in gardening1 and 7.58 kg/m3 in gardening 2). Considering higher degree days deficit in the gardening 2 we can conclude that glasshouses in gardening 2 are more energy efficient
The Influence of the Cleaning Board Inclination on the Cleanliness of Floor Grids in a Cowshed
Get PDFHlevi za prosto rejo krav molznic imajo na tleh položene rešetke, ki bi naj zagotavljale samodejno čiščenje blata. V mnogih hlevih blato ostaja na rešetkah, zato je tla vseeno potrebno dnevno čistiti. V diplomski nalogi smo preizkušali vpliv naklona čistilne deske na čistočo tal s pomočjo lastno izdelane naprave za čiščenje rešetk. Čistilna deska je široka 50 cm in visoka 20 cm. Narejena je iz 3 mm debele kovinske plošče in ima na spodnjem robu 1 cm debelo gumo, ki preprečuje obrabo rešetk. Za spreminjanje naklona smo na desko privarili gibljive člene. Potrebno silo za čiščenje smo izračunali s pomočjo merilnika pospeškov. Poskus je bil zasnovan pri treh naklonih deske (60 0, 90 0 in 120 0) v treh ponovitvah tako, da smo hodnik razdelili na tri polja, velikosti 14,6 m2 (2 m x 7,3 m). V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da so pri čiščenju gnoja iz rešetk sile v smeri osi x odvisne od naklona deskenajmanjša izmerjena sila 29,23 N je bila pri kotu 60 0 in največja pri 120 0 (31,12 N). V smeri osi y so bile sile tudi značilno odvisne od naklona deske. Pri kotu 120 0 voziček bolj zanaša levo ali desno, zato je izmerjena sila večja (40,95 N) kot pri kotu 60 0 (38,23 N). V smeri osi z je bila velikost izmerjenih sil bolj odvisna od višine rež na rešetkah kot od naklona deske, saj je voziček pri vseh kotih enakomerno poskakoval, zato so bile velikosti sil enake.Cowsheds for free range dairy cattle have floor grids, which are to provide automatic cleaning of the mud. In numerous cowsheds the mud stays on the grid and the floor still needs daily cleaning. In this diploma paper we tested the influence of a cleaning board inclination, using a self-made cleaning device. The cleaning board is 50 cm wide and 20 cm high. It is made of a 3 mm thick steel plate and has a 1 cm thick rubber at the bottom edge to prevent wearing down. To change the inclination, flexible links, which allow changes of the inclination, were attached to the board. The required cleaning force was calculated using the accelerometer. The experiment was based on three inclinations of the board (60 0, 90 0 and 120 0) in three repetitions so that we divided the corridor into three fields in the size of 14.6 m2 (2 m x 7.3 m). It was found that in cleaning of the manure from the grid, the forces in the direction of the x-axis depend on the inclination of the boardthe smallest measured force was 29.23 N at an angle of 60 0 and the maximum at 120 0 (31.12 N). In the direction of the y-axis the forces were also characteristically dependant of the inclination of the board. At an angle of 120 0 the trolley skids left or right, so the measured force is higher (40.95 N) than at the angle of 60 0 (38.23 N). In the direction of the z-axis, the size of the measured force depended on the height of slots on the grid rather than on the inclination of the board, as the trolley bounced evenly at all angles and therefore the force sizes were the same
Measurements of Microclimate in Low-Tunnels with Different Covers
Get PDFZa potrebe intenzivne pridelave hrane se vedno več rastlin goji v zavarovanih prostorih, kjer so rastline zaščitene pred neželenimi vremenskimi vplivi. Zavarovani prostori so lahko povsem enostavni objekti pokriti z različnimi folijami ali pa najsodobnejši steklenjaki z avtomatskim uravnavanjem klime. V letu 2017 smo na domači njivi na Pobrežju postavili štiri nizke tunele in jih prekrili z različnimi prekrivkami, in sicer z PE folijo debeline 60 µm in 150 µm, z PE folijo debeline 60 µm, ki je bila naluknjana in z 19 g PP folijo oziroma kopreno. V obdobju od 20. 4. 2017 do 18. 5. 2017 smo z dataloggerjem CR1000 podjetja Campbell Scientific konstantno merili zunanjo temperaturo in temperaturo v tunelih. Kot najprimernejša prekrivka se je izkazala koprena, saj je rastlinam nudila višje temperature ponoči, podnevi pa se v tunelih ni segrelo preveč. Kot neprimerni za prekrivanje nizkih tunelov sta se izkazali PE foliji debelin 150 in 60 µm, saj se je že ob zunanjih temperaturah nad 10 °C v njih ogrelo preko 40°C. Za poskusno rastlino smo v tunele posadili sadike nizkega fižola, vendar jih je že v prvi noči merjenja skoraj v celoti uničila zunanja temperatura -4,2°C.For the needs of more intensive food production, more and more plants are grown in protected areas, where the plants are also protected from adverse weather effects. Protected areas can be simple objects covered with different foils or state-of-the-art glass bottles with automatic climate control. In 2017, four low tunnels were erected on a home field in Pobrežje and covered with different overlays, namely PE film with a thickness of 150 μm and 60 μm, PE film with a thickness of 60 μm, which was punched, and with 19 g PP film or agryl. In the period from April 20, 2017 to May 18, 2017, Campbell Scientific\u27s CR1000 datalogger constantly measured the outside temperature and the temperature in the tunnels. The agryl was the most appropriate cover, providing plants with higher temperatures at night and did not warm the tunnels too much during the day. PE films of 150 and 60 µm thicknesses, proved to be unsuitable for covering low tunnels, since they already heated above 40 °C at outdoor temperatures of above 10 °C. Low bean seedlings were planted in the tunnels as the test plant, but were almost completely destroyed by -4.2 ° C on the first night of measurement
Hydraulic transmission of belt rakes
Get PDFPri traktorjih starejšega tipa je zaradi zasnove pogona priključne gredi onemogočen vzvratni delovni hod, saj se takrat priključna gred vrti v nasprotno smer. Izdelali smo nov pogon obračalnika preko hidromotorja. Ob tem smo morali na traktorju razširiti hidravlični sistem. Predstavili smo osnove hidravlike na kmetijskih strojih, hidravlične črpalke in hidravlični sistem traktorjev. Opisali smo obračalnike in zgrabljalnike za spravilo krme. Zasnovo novega pogona smo naredili z računalniškim modelom v programskem okolju Catia V5R17, izrisali delavniške in sestavno risbo novega pogona, ki so dodani v prilogah. Pogon smo tudi izdelali, opisali njegovo izdelavo in potrebni material ter ga preizkusili v praksi. Uporabili smo zobniški hidromotor. Izkazalo se je, da pogon deluje dobro, rešili smo problem vzvratnega hoda, tako se lahko prihrani čas in gorivo, nevarno obračanje na strmih terenih pa ni več potrebno. Dosegli smo zadovoljive delovne obrate stroja, tako da je površina ob delovnem hodu lepo očiščena. Hidravlično olje se ne pregreva. Z novim pogonom je tudi varovanje ob preobremenitvi veliko bolj učinkovito. Ugotovili smo, da bi se podoben pogon lahko uporabil na več kmetijskih strojih in tako poenostavil njihovo uporabo.With older types of tractors, a reverse working action is not possible due to the PTO drive design since, at that point, the PTO rotates in the opposite direction. We have made a new tedder drive which is driven by a hydraulic motor. For this purpose, the hydraulic system of the tractor had to be widened. This thesis presents the basics of hydraulics in agricultural machinery, hydraulic pumps, and the hydraulic system of tractors. Tedders and rakes for forage harvesting have been described. The concept of the new drive has been modelled using Catia V5R17 software, and the construction and installation designs of the new drive have been drawn, which are all included in the appendices. The drive itself has also been manufactured, its construction and the materials used for it described, and tested in practice. A hydraulic gear motor was used. It has been proven that the drive functions well, the problem of reverse action has been solved, making it possible to save time and fuel, and the dangerous process of turning on steep slopes is no longer necessary. We achieved satisfactory working machine revolutions which resulted in the surface being nicely cleaned. The hydraulic oil does not overheat. With this new drive the overload protection is also significantly more efficient. We have found that a similar drive could be used for several different agricultural machines and thus simplify its use
Vergleichen der Wirksamkeit zwei Methoden zur Bekämpfung des Westlichen Maiswurzelbohrer (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)
Get PDFPojav koruznega hrošča zahteva uvajanje in testiranje novih tehnik nanosa pripravkov za zatiranje. V diplomskem delu smo primerjali kakovost nanosa škropilne brozge s pršilnikom Unigreen APC 1000 in modificirano škropilnico Agromehanika AGS 1000 EN. S pomočjo naprave Optomax smo izvedli analizo kakovosti nanosa z uporabo WSP lističev. Izmerili smo skupno površino odtisov na posamezen WSP listič v mm2, stopnjo pokritosti površine lističa z odtisi v % in prešteli smo število odtisov kapljic škropilne brozge na mm2. Pršilnik ima veliko nazivno delovno širino, vendar je v poskusu ugotovljena prebojnost curka znašala le 11 vrst koruze (7,7 m), pri čemer je stopnja pokritosti WSP lističev z oddaljenostjo po vrstah hitro padala. Rezultati meritev so pokazali, da se je kakovost nanosa v položaju nad storžem zgoraj (N.S.ZG.) statistično značilno razlikovala od kakovosti pri ostalih treh položajih nižje na rastlini. Skupna površina odtisov je pri lističih na položaju N.S.ZG. znašala 101,45 mm2 in stopnja pokritost WSP lističev 23,18 %. Pri številu odtisov ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik med položaji. Škropilnica z visoko nameščeno škropilno armaturo je omogočila enakomernejši nanos preko vseh 12 vrst koruze, vendar smo pri vožnji potlačili 3 vrste posevka (2,1 m). Pri škropilnici se je kakovost nanosa pri obravnavanju N.S.ZG. ponovno statistično značilno razlikovalo od vseh ostalih. Površina odtisov je znašala 180 mm2, stopnja pokritosti pa 41,27 %. Da bi zmanjšali delež povoženih koruznih rastlin bi bilo priporočljivo škropilnico uporabiti v kombinaciji s traktorjem jahačem.Die Erscheinung des Westlichen Maiswurzelbohrer erfordert die Entwiklung sowie Erprobung neue Techniken zur Bekämpfung. In der Diplomarbeit untersuchten wir Aerosol Unigreen APC 1000 und Sprayer Agromehanika AGS 1000 EN. In zwei Feldversuchen haben wir mit der Hilfe von WSP Streifen und Optomaxgerät die Oberfläche der Tropfen im mm2, Abdeckung im % und die Anzahl der Tropfen gemessen. Aerosol-Zerstäuber hat eine große Arbeitsbreite, aber die erfolgreiche Penetration Jet-Breite bis nur 11 Reihen (7,7 m), wobei die Deckung der WSP Streifen rasch sinkt. Von der erzielten Ergebnisse, können wir feststellen, das die Behandlung (N.S.ZG.) von allen anderen statistisch signifikant verschieden war, wobei die ermessene Oberfläche der Tropfen 101,45 mm2 und Abdeckung von WSP Streifen 23,18 % war. Die Zahl der Tropfen ergab keine statistische Unterschiedliche Signifikanz. Die Hochbalkige-Spritze haben wir erfolgreich auf die 12 Reihen von Mais verwendet, aber 3 Reihen (2,1 m) wurden wegen der Unterdrücküng
vernichten. Die Behandlung (N.S.ZG.) unterscheidet sich statistisch signifikant von allen anderen, wobei die Oberfläche von Tropfen 180 mm2 enthält und die Abdeckung 41,27 % war. Wegen die Unterdrücküngschaden wäre es ratsam eine Kombination mit einem Traktor mit größerem Bodenabstand zu verwenden
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