2,420 research outputs found
Current Approaches to Post-fall Assessment in Nursing Homes
No full textFalls in nursing homes occur among a large percentage of residents. Their onset necessitates a postfall assessment (PFA) be performed by clinical staff to determine likely etiology. The absence of an empirically validated comprehensive postfall assessment tool has led to considerable variability in the types of PFAs performed. The purpose of this study was to examine the types of PFA tools available, their content, and to compare this with national recommendations for fall assessment in geriatric practice.Peer reviewe
Forecasting banknotes
No full textA central bank’s liquidity forecast is important in ensuring that it supplies the banking system’s need for central bank money. Banknote (or currency in circulation) demand is the largest and for some central banks the most variable component of the liquidity forecast. Accurate forecasting of banknotes is essential in ensuring an accurate liquidity forecast and in turn effective monetary policy implementation. This Handbook discusses these issues and outlines a structural time series state space (STSSS) model which is now used by central banks including the Bank of England and ECB to forecast banknotes (currency in circulation).Forecasting banknotes
Donald Gray Memorial Garden photographs
No full textEight photographs document the Donald Gray Memorial Gardens in Cleveland, Ohio. Gray designed the Horticultural Gardens for the Great Lakes Exposition of 1936-1937. The gardens remained north of the Cleveland Municipal Stadium after the exposition and were named for Gray after his death. The garden did not survive the demolition of Memorial Stadium and the rebuilding of the Cleveland Browns Stadium in 1997. Donald A. Gray (1891-1939), landscape architect and designer, was born in Tyrone, Pennsylvania, the son of Charles G. and Rose (Williams) Gray. He graduated from Bucknell University in Pennsylvania and attended Harvard University, afterwards working briefly with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., in the Olmsted Brothers firm in Brookline, Massachusetts, the premier landscape architect firm in America. Gray came to Cleveland in 1920, establishing a practice in landscape architecture and designing many private gardens and estates in Cleveland, the Heights, and outlying suburbs. In 1925 he traveled to England, studying the gardens of great houses there. He designed the landscaping for the development of Fairhill Road houses in 1931, making his own home there for several years. He designed the landscape for Forest Hill Park and some of the designs for the Cleveland Cultural Gardens in Rockefeller Park. Dedicated to "making a beautiful city of Cleveland," Gray worked on developing the Cleveland Garden Center with Mrs. William Gwinn Mather and Mrs. Charles. A. Otis. On 11 Jan. 1928, Gray married Florence Ball. They had 1 daughter, Virginia. Gray died in Cleveland and was buried in Highland Park Cemetery. The photographs were taken by Ihna Thayer Frary. The Ihna Thayer Frary Audiovisual Collection was given to the Ohio Historical Society by Mr. Frary in two sections. One was in March of 1963 and the remainder in May of 1965 by his sons, Dr. Spencer G. and Allen T. Frary following their father's death. I.T. Frary (1873-1965) was the publicity and membership secretary for the Museum of Art in Cleveland, Ohio. He taught for many years at the Cleveland Institute of Art and Western Reserve University's School of Architecture. He did much research of Ohio and American architecture and was the author of seven major works and numerous scholarly articles on architectural and art history. One of his major works was Early Homes of Ohio published in 1936
The Moral Self in Eighteenth-Century Poetry: A Study in the Poetics of Gray, Goldsmith, Cowper and Yearsley
No full textThis thesis explores one aspect of the ‘inward turn’ that is a significant feature of English poetry in the later eighteenth century. It claims that a representative group of poets construct an authorial ‘self’ in which the personal pronoun ‘I’ becomes an authoritative guarantor of social and moral judgements. It suggests that this move was a response to Lockeian ideas of personal identity and economic individualism which were subsequently refined and developed by theoreticians such as David Hume and Adam Smith such that the ‘self’ was conceived not merely as the site of the sensorium but also the site of moral judgement.
It identifies Thomas Gray as the initiator of this development, arguing that his earlier poems, and particularly his Elegy, were revolutionary in their attempts to accommodate Locke’s ideas as a means of combating both the fissiparous nature of the literary market place and the hegemonic practices of the aristocratic class. The reception of the Elegy led Gray to believe he had failed, but his construction of the ‘swain’s’ dual identity who both judges and is judged was to resonate in the persona of Goldsmith’s narrator of The Deserted Village. Goldsmith’s essentially conservative outlook meant that this poem was fractured and it was not until Cowper’s The Task that a fully coherent realisation of Gray’s poetics was achieved.
The thesis finally considers Ann Yearsley’s work, arguing that her construction of a ‘self’ as narrator and social judge was fraught with difficulty both because of her position as a female labouring-class poet, and because of the repressive response to the French Revolution. The concluding chapter draws together the implications of the preceding chapters
Shanxi (China), profile of soils
No full textProfile of soils of the Gray Brown Subgroup, showing zone of accumulation.Image is part of research conducted by Raymond T. Moyer for the article: Agricultural Soils in a Loess Region of North China
Author(s): Raymond T. Moyer
Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Jul., 1936), pp. 414-425
Published by: American Geographical Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/209047http://www.jstor.org/stable/209047Grayscal
Depression and Gender: The Expression and Experience of Melancholy in the Eighteenth Century
No full textThis thesis investigates the life and work of six eighteenth-century writers, two male and four female. It explores their experience of depression through their letters and other autobiographical material, and examines the ways in which they represent melancholy in their poetry and prose. The subject of Chapter Two is Thomas Gray, whose real life persona as the lonely intellectual is also identifiable in his poetry. The Scottish poet Robert Fergusson is studied in Chapter Three. Fergusson’s lively and vigorous mind was shattered in the months leading up to his death, during which time some of his writing became darkly nihilistic. Chapter Four looks at Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, a lifelong depressive who often wrote about her feelings of despair in her poetry. Chapter Five explores Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. She was a courageous and controversial figure, but despite her resilience, on occasion in her letters she reveals her vulnerability and susceptibility to low spirits, a mood which is sometimes expressed in her creative writing. Sarah Scott, whose life and work have not yet been considered in relation to the subject of melancholy, is examined in Chapter Six. Her novel includes several low-spirited and depressed female characters who are continually seeking asylum from a hostile world. Chapter Seven analyses Charlotte Smith, a mother of twelve children whose unhappy marriage ended in separation. Smith wrote extensively about her depression in her letters, prefaces, poetry and novels.
This study shows that the women in particular use their writing on melancholy and depression to express their discontent with the confined way in which they are often expected to live out their lives
Dose-Dependent Effect of GABAA System on Antinociception Actions of Cuneiformis Nucleus in Brain Stem
No full textBackground and Objective: It's been established that midbrain region namely rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is the coring point of modulation of pain. It's well been documented that periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter is having an antinociception effect along with RVM. However, there are evidences demonstrating that RVM get a few connections from the cuneiformsnucleus (CnF) which might indicate CnF does have the same mechanism as PAG. Thus in this study, we are to explore the antinociception effects of CnF and GABAA circuits.
Methods: Rats were anesthetized with Thiopental drug. Using the stereotaxic apparatus and Paxinos atlas, the point representing for CnF location over the scalp has been designated. Following a week after the surgery, rats were now fully prepared for tests. Animals were chosen to be in three groups. First for control group, 0.5 µl of normal saline was injected into the CnF. Later, a few nanograms of bicucculline (as a GABAA antagonist) were administered into the CnF, dose dependently.
Results: From the results, it has been shown that CnF has a role in antinociception effect and it is because the injection of bicucculline has increased tail flick latency (TFL) and even further increased TFL when administered dose dependently (with high doses).
Conclusion: According to results of current study, CnF has a significant role in pain modulation and circuits of GABAergic system have also played a key role on its antinociception effect
A complex and punctate distribution of three eukaryotic genes derived by lateral gene transfer
No full textAbstract Background Lateral gene transfer is increasingly invoked to explain phylogenetic results that conflict with our understanding of organismal relationships. In eukaryotes, the most common observation interpreted in this way is the appearance of a bacterial gene (one that is not clearly derived from the mitochondrion or plastid) in a eukaryotic nuclear genome. Ideally such an observation would involve a single eukaryote or a small group of related eukaryotes encoding a gene from a specific bacterial lineage. Results Here we show that several apparently simple cases of lateral transfer are actually more complex than they originally appeared: in these instances we find that two or more distantly related eukaryotic groups share the same bacterial gene, resulting in a punctate distribution. Specifically, we describe phylogenies of three core carbon metabolic enzymes: transketolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ribulose-5-phosphate-3-epimerase. Phylogenetic trees of each of these enzymes includes a strongly-supported clade consisting of several eukaryotes that are distantly related at the organismal level, but whose enzymes are apparently all derived from the same lateral transfer. With less sampling any one of these examples would appear to be a simple case of bacterium-to-eukaryote lateral transfer; taken together, their evolutionary histories cannot be so simple. The distributions of these genes may represent ancient paralogy events or genes that have been transferred from bacteria to an ancient ancestor of the eukaryotes that retain them. They may alternatively have been transferred laterally from a bacterium to a single eukaryotic lineage and subsequently transferred between distantly related eukaryotes. Conclusion Determining how complex the distribution of a transferred gene is depends on the sampling available. These results show that seemingly simple cases may be revealed to be more complex with greater sampling, suggesting many bacterial genes found in eukaryotic genomes may have a punctate distribution.</p
Tax systems in the reforming socialist economies of Europe
No full textAs socialist countries move toward market systems, fiscal policy is an important part of their reform agenda. First, they need to reorient public spending to focus more on the provision of"public"goods. Second, they need to adopt more selective, predictable, and nondiscretionary means to finance such spending. The goal of this paper is to lay out some of the broad trends and issues now emerging as socialist economies attempt to reform their systems of taxation. The primary focus is on Eastern Europe, although many of the same trends and issues arise in the reforming socialized countries of Asia and Africa. Particular attention is paid to Hungary and Poland, which are most advanced in the tax reform process. The experiences they have had and the problems they are facing provide valuable lessons for those countries just starting on the reform process.Public Sector Economics&Finance,Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management
Tiliqua maculata Gray 1839
No full textStatus of Tiliqua maculata Gray, 1839, and designation of a lectotype Gray (1839) described Tiliqua maculata from Demerara, Guyana. Since its original description, various authors (Boulenger 1887, Travassos 1946, 1948) considered it as synonymous with Trachylepis atlantica. Recently, Mausfeld & Vrcibradic (2002) examined two syntypes (NHM 1946.8.18.5– 6) and strongly suspected that T. maculata is a species distinct from T. atlantica. Comparing the two species, they noted differences in number of dorsal keels, midbody scales, dorsals, ventrals and subdigital lamellae under Finger IV and Toe IV. These authors also concluded that, “ the type locality of maculata should be considered dubious ” as “ some other specimens of lizards and snakes from ‘Demerara’ collected by Capt. Sabine turned out to be restricted to certain Caribbean islands such as St. Kitts and Nevis and Santa Lucia (Underwood 1993), ” and, consequently, “ it is likely that the type locality of maculata is St. Lucia or Barbados. ” These author also speculated that T. maculata might be synonymous with Mabuya falconensis. When Travassos (1948: 206) reconsidered the status of Gray’s names, he designated a lectotype of Tiliqua punctata. Regrettably, this author did not reference the specimen by its museum number stating only, « aproveito a oportunidade para designar o exemplar macho, com 16,5 mm depositado no Museu Británico como lectótipo […]». This imprecise text misled some subsequent authors such as Bauer (2003) to conclude that a lectotype of T. maculata had been chosen. The measurement Travassos (1948) used to reference the specimen is its head length as indicated in the table he presents on page 207. The head measurement corresponds to the larger syntype; thus Travassos (1948) designate NHM 1946.8.27.47 as the lectotype of Tiliqua punctata Gray. He did not designate a lectotype of T. maculata, which he considered synonymous with T. punctata. During this study, we examined two of the three types of Tiliqua maculata: NHM 1946.8.18.6 (one of the two NHM types examined by Mausfeld & Vrcibradic, 2002) and MNHN 2932 (a third type housed at the MNHN) and compared them to Trachylepis atlantica, Mabuya falconensis, and various species of Mabuya from the Caribbean (Appendix II). Both specimens are in a very poor state of preservation, a fact noted by Boulenger (1887). Fortunately, Bocourt (1879) illustrated and redescribed MNHN 2932 (Fig. 7). For this reason, it seems appropriate to designate this specimen as the lectotype of Tiliqua maculata Gray, even if it is in a very poor state. The lecotype has 7 supralabials, the fifth below the eye, 15 / 15 lamellae under the fourth finger, 20 / 20 lamellae under the fourth toe, 37 ventrals, 58 dorsals, 32 scales around midbody, a pair of primary nuchals (secondary nuchals absent), and 5 / 5 supraciliaries. To avoid damaging this delicate specimen, we did not measure it, however Brygoo (1985) reported that it has a SVL of 219 mm and an incomplete tail, 125 mm. Although number of dorsals at midbody falls within the range of Mabuya, Gray’s species has auricular lobules and heavily keeled dorsals. Contact between the third supraocular and frontal also excludes Tiliqua maculata from Mabuya. In the types, these scales narrowly contact one another (Fig. 6 e, f), whereas they never contact one another in Mabuya. On the other hand, this suite of characters allies Gray’s species with the Afro-Malagasy radiation and we formally transfer it to Trachylepis as Trachylepis maculata (Gray) new combination. This same suite of characters serves to distinguish T. maculata from Mabuya falconensis and its congeners from both the Caribbean and mainland Neotropics. We agree completely with Mausfeld & Vrcibradic (2002) that T. maculata is a species distinct from T. atlantica. However, we do not know if it is synonymous with a species from the Afro-Malagasy region or if it actually once occurred in Guyana. We often think of exotic species as a 20–21 st century problem. It is certainly possible that T. maculata was accidentally introduced to the port of Demerara during the transatlantic slave trade period and has since gone extinct. Both Bocourt (1879: 412) and Duméril (Duméril & Duméril 1851) argued that T. maculata is most similar to the African species T. perrotettii: « Nous trouvons parfaitement juste l’appréciation suivante donnée par M. Aug. Duméril (Cat. Méth. 1851, p. 159): « C’est avec l’Euprépis de Perrottet, originaire de la côte occidentale d’Afrique, que cette espèce a le plus de rapport par l’ensemble de ses caractères » (Bocourt 1879).Published as part of Miralles, Aurélien, Chaparro, Juan Carlos & Harvey, Michael B., 2009, Three rare and enigmatic South American skinks, pp. 47-68 in Zootaxa 2012 on pages 61-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18581
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