1,720,953 research outputs found
Replication, Virulence, and Pathogenesis of Influenza Viruses
Get PDFInfluenza D virus (IDV) is a novel influenza virus that infects cattle and swine, with cattle as its primary host species. The goal of our first study was to investigate the replication and transmission of bovine IDV in guinea pigs. Following direct intranasal inoculation of animals, the virus was detected in nasal washes of infected animals during the first 7 days post-infection. High viral titers were obtained from nasal turbinates and lung tissues of directly inoculated animals. Further, bovine IDV was able to transmit from the infected guinea pigs to sentinel animals by means of contact and not by aerosol dissemination under the experimental conditions tested in this study. Despite exhibiting no clinical signs, infected guinea pigs developed seroconversion and the viral antigen was detected in lungs of animals by immunohistochemistry. The observation that bovine IDV replicated in the respiratory tract of guinea pigs was similar to observations described previously in studies of gnotobiotic calves and pigs experimentally infected with bovine IDV but different from those described previously in experimental infections in ferrets and swine with a swine IDV, which supported virus replication only in the upper respiratory tract and not in the lower respiratory tract, including lung. Our study established that guinea pigs could be used as an animal model for studying this newly emerging influenza virus. Influenza D virus isolated from the cattle and swine populations from North America and Eurasia shares 50% homology to the human influenza C virus. The goal of our second study was to investigate the replication kinetics and virulence of bovine and swine influenza D isolates (96-98% homology), in comparison to human influenza C in guinea pigs. Despite the similarity, both bovine and swine IDVs differ antigenically and genetically and belong to two different lineages. Guinea pigs upon intranasal inoculation of D/bovine/660/Oklahoma/2013 (bovine IDV), D/swine/1334/Oklahoma/2011 (swine IDV) and C/ Victoria/2012 (human ICV) did not exhibit any clinical signs. However, all the infected animals seroconverted at 7 days post-infection (dpi). Guinea pigs infected with ICV did not shed the virus in nasal washes at 1 dpi and only 2/8 shed virus at 3 dpi. In contrast, in bovine IDV infected group, 9/10 animals shed the virus in nasal washes at 1 dpi, while the swine IDV group (8/8) began to shed the virus only at 3 dpi. Hence, the disparity in the virus-shedding pattern of swine IDV could be an adaptation lag due to the subtle difference in receptor binding specificity and virus tropism. Deep RNA sequencing of viral genomes in the nasal washes, receptor binding preference, and structural modeling of receptor binding domain of hemagglutinin-esterase fusion protein are currently underway to identify the key factors and mechanisms involved in the differential replication kinetics, viral tropism, pathogenesis of the bovine and swine influenza D viruses. Further, our third project was aimed at developing a good primary culture system from swine for studying the virulence and pathogenesis. Influenza viruses are a group of respiratory pathogens that have evolved into four different types: A, B, C, and D. One common feature is that all four types are capable of replication and transmission among pigs. Human respiratory primary epithelial cell culture has been recently utilized to examine the replication and pathogenesis of influenza A viruses. However, little has been made in the development of the autologous cell culture system from swine to study influenza viruses. Here we describe the development of primary epithelial cells from swine nasal turbinates, trachea and lungs and determine their utility in the replication of four types of influenza viruses. Phenotypic characterization using immunocytochemistry coupled with flow cytometry analysis showed that cytokeratin was expressed at high levels in swine nasal turbinates, trachea, and lung cells, while the relatively low abundance of other epithelial cell markers (desmin, α-SMA, and vimentin) was detected. In addition, all three swine cells were found able to undergo the polarization as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and expression of tight junction proteins including claudin-1, -3, Zona occludens protein -1 (ZO-1) and occludin-1. These results strongly suggest that the developed swine primary cells possess common characteristics of epithelial cells. Furthermore, sialic acid receptor profile analysis through lectin binding assay with Sambucus Nigra Lectin (SNA) and Maackia Amurensis Lectin II (MAL-II) demonstrated that three swine primary epithelial cells expressed higher levels of alpha 2,6 linkage sialic acid (SNA) than alpha 2,3 linkage sialic acid receptors (MAL-II). Finally, all three primary cells supported the replication of Influenza A, B, C and D viruses to an appreciable level, but virus type-dependent replication kinetics were observed. Overall, these swine respiratory primary cells showed epithelial phenotype and are suitable for studying the comparative biology and pathobiology of four types of influenza viruses
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
