1,720,960 research outputs found
Artificial Intelligence in Military Technology
No full textThis is an open access book. This volume critically examines challenges in the field of current and future military technology from a transdisciplinary lens. It helps objectify the debate around the development of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS). The volume offers a differentiated, informed and open approach to military artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the public realm, in politics and in the military itself. The contributions weigh the risks that artificially intelligent automation, like any new technology, brings, against technological innovation and progress. They address the issues of testing new technologies, implementing them socially and reflecting on their use, along with questions of unintended consequences of such technologies. The volume is divided into three parts. The first discusses perspectives on AI; how AI systems are understood by the public, by soldiers, and in cultural discourses. The focus is on (but not limited to) military applications. The second part focuses on the challenges and changes posed by the use of AI in military conflicts and addresses issues of how to deal with them. The third part examines the communication challenges posed by the implementation of AI in the military and the associated opportunities and risks. This highly topical and timely volume is for researchers and students across disciplines who have an interest in military technology and those interested in AI and new technology
LETHAL AUTONOMOUS WEAPON SYSTEMS (LAWS). ON THE ETHICS OF AUTOMATION IN THE MILITARY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIAL SYSTEMS THEORY
Get PDFThe debate about weapon systems that function “autonomously” on artifi- cial intelligence is giving a new impetus to the old question about the role of auto- mation in social systems.1 This is especially true for the debate on Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), i.e., autonomous systems designed to kill in the context of warlike conflicts. This article provides an insight into how artificial intelligence auto- mation can be modelled in social theory, referring in particular to Niklas Luhmann’s systems and communication theory. From this modelling, conclusions arise with regard to ethical questions in the military context. As a first step, following Elena Esposito, I examine how artificial intelligence automation participates in commu- nication processes and where its limits lie. Following that, ethical questions are dis- cussed step by step. First, the problem of violating human dignity will be considered. In the context of organisations—and especially military organisations—the question of accountability always arises. Accountability refers to social roles and their cor- responding communication processes. Machine processes, however, cannot replace accountability. Furthermore, five aspects are discussed which arise from the per- spective of the codified moral programme of Innere Führung in relation to artificial intelligence automation. These are trust in technology, time frame, standardisation of assisting information, communicative attribution as action, and building media competence, including moral routines. With recourse to Luhmann’s concept of risk, the importance of implementation processes and learning is pointed out at the end. Overall, this paper is about raising questions, i.e., about problematising. It is not about formulating definitive answers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
