1,720,965 research outputs found
Product Design Features, Packaging, and Online Retailer Marketing of Cannabis Products Containing Cannabinoids Other than THC and CBD: Opportunities for Cannabis Regulation
Get PDFBackground
Cannabis product characteristics affect product safety, and communication of these characteristics through product packaging and retailers informs consumers about potential risks, benefits, and psychoactive effects of cannabis products. Little is known about product characteristics, labeling, and marketing of cannabis products containing cannabinoids other than delta-9 THC and CBD, which remain unregulated in many jurisdictions. This dissertation assesses characteristics, packaging, availability, and retailer marketing practices for these products.
Methods
A content analysis of 140 delta-8 THC product packages from the International Cannabis Policy Study was conducted to explore product characteristics, cannabinoid content labels, health warnings, and marketing appeals (Aim 1). Availability of products containing cannabinoids other than delta-9 THC and CBD was determined for 39 online CBD/hemp retailers in Maryland, and cannabinoid content information for 175 products from these retailers was reviewed (Aim 2). A content analysis of 20 CBD/hemp retailer websites in Maryland was conducted to assess age verification, health claims, warnings, promotions, and engagement strategies (Aim 3).
Results
Most ingestible products contained more than 10mg of intoxicating cannabinoids per serving. Cannabinoid content labels for packages and product listings varied substantially, with many lacking sufficient information to calculate cannabinoid concentration. Lab results often differed from information in product listings. Explicit and implicit health claims were present on most retailer websites, with 50 health conditions mentioned across websites. Warnings on packaging and retailer websites were often small, inconspicuously placed (e.g., on the back or bottom), or absent altogether. Packages and retailer websites frequently included language describing products as “hemp,” “legal,” or “natural.” Half of retailer websites lacked age verification.
Discussion
The range of cannabinoids found in this study highlights the need for regulations requiring standardized cannabinoid content labels that communicate dose clearly and consistently. The presence of unsubstantiated health claims—both explicit and implicit—highlight the need for regulations around what the industry and retailers can communicate to consumers about the potential effects of cannabis products. Large, concise, rotating health warnings are needed at the top of product packages and retailer webpages to inform consumers about potential risks of cannabis, and effective age verification is needed to curb youth access
Applications of Clinical Pharmacology to the Study of Emerging Psychoactive Substances
No full textChapter I: Emerging psychoactive substances have poorly-understood human exposure-response relationships. Applied clinical pharmacology tools can help understand the health outcomes associated with emerging psychoactive substance use.
Chapter II: Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-8 THC) is considered less psychoactive than Δ-9 THC. A population pharmacokinetic analysis and model was developed from two clinical trials (total N=23) comparing Δ-8 THC (10mg, 20mg, 40mg), Δ-9 THC (20mg), and placebo after oral and vaporized administration. Despite a similar pharmacokinetic pattern, Δ-8 THC was less metabolized to its more active metabolite than Δ-9 THC. Participant inhalation behaviors influenced the relative bioavailability of vaped Δ-8 THC compared to oral, with decreasing bioavailability at increasing doses captured by the model using covariates from measured puff topography. The validated model supports future analyses to compare Δ-8 and Δ-9 THC effects.
Chapter III: The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl are well-studied, but the clinical phenomena associated with illicitly manufactured fentanyl exposure are understudied in persons who use drugs. This narrative review applies fentanyl’s known absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties to illicit fentanyl. A notable gap in research exists due to differences between medicinal fentanyl and illicit fentanyl use patterns and composition. However, its properties suggest sustained, supratherapeutic use lends to the peripheral accumulation of fentanyl, leading to prolonged elimination in persons who use drugs.
Chapter IV: The pharmacology of fentanyl and xylazine is not characterized in persons regularly exposed to illicit fentanyl. This case series presents individual-level urine pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, its metabolite norfentanyl, and xylazine in persons with opioid use disorder. Participants (N=11) provided urine samples (n=95) for quantitative analysis. Urinary half-life ranges were: fentanyl 1.5-28.7 hours, norfentanyl 5.2-27.4 hours, xylazine 1.1-25.2 hours. Predicted detection window ranges were: fentanyl 13.0-130.9 hours (0.5-5.5 days), norfentanyl 64.8-255.9 hours (2.7-10.7 days), xylazine 13.8-123.4 hours (0.6-5.1 days). Individuals with a high magnitude of drug exposure are likely to evidence an extended duration of urinary detection.
Chapter V: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation techniques are promising translational tools to study the exposure-response relationship of emerging psychoactive substances. Potential uses of these techniques are discussed, including clinical applications to inform drug testing guidelines using real-world data
Applications of Clinical Pharmacology to the Study of Emerging Psychoactive Substances
No full textChapter I: Emerging psychoactive substances have poorly-understood human exposure-response relationships. Applied clinical pharmacology tools can help understand the health outcomes associated with emerging psychoactive substance use.
Chapter II: Delta-8 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-8 THC) is considered less psychoactive than Δ-9 THC. A population pharmacokinetic analysis and model was developed from two clinical trials (total N=23) comparing Δ-8 THC (10mg, 20mg, 40mg), Δ-9 THC (20mg), and placebo after oral and vaporized administration. Despite a similar pharmacokinetic pattern, Δ-8 THC was less metabolized to its more active metabolite than Δ-9 THC. Participant inhalation behaviors influenced the relative bioavailability of vaped Δ-8 THC compared to oral, with decreasing bioavailability at increasing doses captured by the model using covariates from measured puff topography. The validated model supports future analyses to compare Δ-8 and Δ-9 THC effects.
Chapter III: The pharmacokinetics of fentanyl are well-studied, but the clinical phenomena associated with illicitly manufactured fentanyl exposure are understudied in persons who use drugs. This narrative review applies fentanyl’s known absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties to illicit fentanyl. A notable gap in research exists due to differences between medicinal fentanyl and illicit fentanyl use patterns and composition. However, its properties suggest sustained, supratherapeutic use lends to the peripheral accumulation of fentanyl, leading to prolonged elimination in persons who use drugs.
Chapter IV: The pharmacology of fentanyl and xylazine is not characterized in persons regularly exposed to illicit fentanyl. This case series presents individual-level urine pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, its metabolite norfentanyl, and xylazine in persons with opioid use disorder. Participants (N=11) provided urine samples (n=95) for quantitative analysis. Urinary half-life ranges were: fentanyl 1.5-28.7 hours, norfentanyl 5.2-27.4 hours, xylazine 1.1-25.2 hours. Predicted detection window ranges were: fentanyl 13.0-130.9 hours (0.5-5.5 days), norfentanyl 64.8-255.9 hours (2.7-10.7 days), xylazine 13.8-123.4 hours (0.6-5.1 days). Individuals with a high magnitude of drug exposure are likely to evidence an extended duration of urinary detection.
Chapter V: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation techniques are promising translational tools to study the exposure-response relationship of emerging psychoactive substances. Potential uses of these techniques are discussed, including clinical applications to inform drug testing guidelines using real-world data
Product Design Features, Packaging, and Online Retailer Marketing of Cannabis Products Containing Cannabinoids Other than THC and CBD: Opportunities for Cannabis Regulation
Get PDFBackground
Cannabis product characteristics affect product safety, and communication of these characteristics through product packaging and retailers informs consumers about potential risks, benefits, and psychoactive effects of cannabis products. Little is known about product characteristics, labeling, and marketing of cannabis products containing cannabinoids other than delta-9 THC and CBD, which remain unregulated in many jurisdictions. This dissertation assesses characteristics, packaging, availability, and retailer marketing practices for these products.
Methods
A content analysis of 140 delta-8 THC product packages from the International Cannabis Policy Study was conducted to explore product characteristics, cannabinoid content labels, health warnings, and marketing appeals (Aim 1). Availability of products containing cannabinoids other than delta-9 THC and CBD was determined for 39 online CBD/hemp retailers in Maryland, and cannabinoid content information for 175 products from these retailers was reviewed (Aim 2). A content analysis of 20 CBD/hemp retailer websites in Maryland was conducted to assess age verification, health claims, warnings, promotions, and engagement strategies (Aim 3).
Results
Most ingestible products contained more than 10mg of intoxicating cannabinoids per serving. Cannabinoid content labels for packages and product listings varied substantially, with many lacking sufficient information to calculate cannabinoid concentration. Lab results often differed from information in product listings. Explicit and implicit health claims were present on most retailer websites, with 50 health conditions mentioned across websites. Warnings on packaging and retailer websites were often small, inconspicuously placed (e.g., on the back or bottom), or absent altogether. Packages and retailer websites frequently included language describing products as “hemp,” “legal,” or “natural.” Half of retailer websites lacked age verification.
Discussion
The range of cannabinoids found in this study highlights the need for regulations requiring standardized cannabinoid content labels that communicate dose clearly and consistently. The presence of unsubstantiated health claims—both explicit and implicit—highlight the need for regulations around what the industry and retailers can communicate to consumers about the potential effects of cannabis products. Large, concise, rotating health warnings are needed at the top of product packages and retailer webpages to inform consumers about potential risks of cannabis, and effective age verification is needed to curb youth access
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Tob Control
Get PDFBackgroundThe ability of an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) to deliver nicotine effectively may be dependent on features of the device, the liquid and the user. Some of these features have been examined in previous work (eg, liquid nicotine concentration and puff topography), while others have not (eg, nicotine dependence and demographic characteristics). The purpose of this secondary analysis is to examine such features as predictors of e-cigarette nicotine delivery using a relatively large sample.MethodsFour studies were combined in which e-cigarette-experienced users (n=63; 89% men; 75% white) and e-cigarette-na\uefve cigarette smokers (n=67; 66% men; 54% white) took 10 puffs from an eGo-style e-cigarette (~7.3 watts) filled with liquid that had a nicotine concentration of 18, 25 or 36 mg/mL. Thus, held constant across all studies were device features of battery/cartomiser style and power level and the topography parameters of puff number and interpuff interval. Blood was sampled before and after use, and puff topography was measured. Three general linear models were conducted to predict plasma nicotine concentrations (pre\u2013post increase) for: (1) e-cigarette users only, (2) smokers only and (3) both groups combined. Predictor variables included puff duration, puff volume, liquid nicotine concentration, presession plasma nicotine concentration, nicotine dependence score (smokers only), gender and race.ResultsIn all models tested, longer puff durations and higher liquid nicotine concentrations were associated significantly with increased nicotine delivery (ps<0.05). For e-cigarette users only, higher presession nicotine concentration was associated significantly with increased nicotine delivery (p<0.05).ConclusionsPuff duration and liquid nicotine concentration may be among the more important factors to consider as regulators attempt to balance e-cigarette safety with efficacy. These findings should be interpreted in the context of devices with relatively low power output, a variable not studied here but likely also directly relevant to product regulation.T32 DA007209/DA/NIDA NIH HHSUnited States/U48DP005004/ACL/ACL HHSUnited States/P50 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHSUnited States/U54 DA036105/DA/NIDA NIH HHSUnited States/K01 DA037950/DA/NIDA NIH HHSUnited States/U48 DP005004/DP/NCCDPHP CDC HHSUnited States
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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