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Development and application of energy efficiency solutions in water supply systems (wsss)
Get PDFGli interventi di efficienza energetica nei sistemi di approvvigionamento idrico possono portare a significativi vantaggi energetici, ambientali ed economici. In questa tesi, sono state studiate alcune strategie per prevedere le portate d'acqua e migliorare l'efficienza degli acquedotti. In particolare, è stato analizzato l’acquedotto italiano situato nel comune di Osimo, nelle Marche. La prima parte di questa tesi presenta una metodologia per la previsione delle portate nelle condotte di adduzione a gravità basata sui dati di consumo delle bollette elettriche, cosi da poter valutare il recupero energetico potenziale attraverso una piccola centrale idroelettrica. Successivamente tale metodologia viene confrontata e validata attraverso dati misurati. Come turbina idraulica è stata optata la Pelton per conseguire l'obiettivo di fornire energia elettrica ad una stazione di pompaggio presente a valle di una vasca di precarico nella quale l'acqua viene trattata per renderla potabile. Nell'anno 2018 è stato ottenuto un risparmio energetico di 475.26 MWh, che equivale a 88.87 Tonnellate di Petrolio Equivalente (TEP), ed è stata evitata l’emissione in atmosfera di 204.36 tCO2. Il risparmio economico lordo dovuto all'installazione della turbina Pelton è pari a 94.29 k€/anno e può essere ulteriormente incrementato fino a 116.51 k€/anno se si considerano i certificati di efficienza energetica rilasciati dalle Autorità italiane (Certificati Bianchi). Nella seconda parte, viene presentata una nuova metodologia per prevedere la portata media annuale nelle condotte di adduzione a gravità e convalidata impiegando i dati misurati provenienti da un contatore dell'acqua installato su una condotta di adduzione. Poi è stata utilizzata una metodologia già sviluppata per selezionare delle Pump-as-Turbines (PaTs) e per valutare il loro Best Efficiency Point (BEP) per massimizzare il recupero energetico. Sul ramo di rete idrica selezionato, sono stati studiati due diversi layout di installazione, vale a dire una PaT e due PaTs in parallelo. Il primo ha mostrato la migliore redditività economica e ha condotto ad un risparmio economico netto di 1,325 €/anno e un PayBack Period (PBP) di 11 anni. È stato studiato un altro sito di installazione con maggiore potenziale di recupero energetico e si è potuto ottenere un risparmio economico netto di 4,915 €/anno e un PBP di 6 anni. Infine, l'ultima parte del presente studio è focalizzata sull’efficientamento del sistema di approvvigionamento idrico attraverso la riduzione dei consumi elettrici dei sistemi di pompaggio che sollevano i volumi dell'acqua fornita. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, è stato sviluppato un metodo per il monitoraggio e la riduzione delle perdite idriche di rete. Tale metodo si basa sulla suddivisione della rete idrica di distribuzione in sotto-distretti monitorati e sull'implementazione di un sistema di telelettura per il monitoraggio orario del bilancio idrico di ogni sotto-distretto idrico. Successivamente tale metodologia è stata applicata al distretto idrico del centro storico della rete di Osimo che è stato suddiviso in 5 sotto-distretti dopo aver verificato la resilienza e l'affidabilità idraulica della rete idrica suddivisa. È stata realizzata un'innovativa infrastruttura di telelettura a frequenza 868 Mhz e sono stati installati contatori teleleggibili all'ingresso di ogni sotto-distretto, oltre a sostituire il parco contatori degli utenti. Poi è stato predisposto un software per la lettura, la gestione e la ricerca delle perdite d'acqua a distanza. Nel distretto idrico analizzato sono stati conseguiti un risparmio idrico di 5,558.8 m^3, un risparmio energetico di Ee_saving = 7,332 kWh ed un risparmio economico di EC_saving = 1,857.45 € nel periodo tra settembre e novembre dell’anno 2020 per un investimento con un PBP pari a 7 anni ed un Valore Attualizzato Netto (VAN) pari a 34,405.10 €.Energy efficiency interventions in Water Supply Systems (WSSs) can lead to significant energy, environmental and economic advantages. In this thesis, some strategies have been studied to predict water flow rates and improve WSSs efficiency. In particular, an Italian WSS located in Osimo town, located in Marche Region, has been analysed. The first part of this thesis presents a methodology for predicting flow rates in gravity adduction pipelines based on the electricity bills, so that the potential energy recovery through a small-scale hydropower plant is evaluated and subsequently validated through measured data. A Pelton turbine has been chosen as energy recovery unit with the aim of supplying electricity to a pumping station of a preloading tank where the water is treated to make it drinkable. In the year 2018, an energy saving of 475.26 MWh was achieved, which can be also expressed as 88.87 saved Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (TOE) and 204.36 tCO2 not released into the atmosphere. The gross economic saving due to the installation of the Pelton turbine is equal to 94.29 k€/year and it can be further increased up to 116.51 k€/year if the energy efficiency certificates issued by the Italian Authorities are considered. In the second part, a novel methodology to predict the yearly average flow rate in gravity adduction pipelines is presented and validated using measured data coming from a water meter installed on an adduction pipeline. Then, a methodology already developed was used to select Pump-as-Turbines (PaTs) and evaluate their Best Efficiency Point (BEP) to maximize the energy recovery. On the selected WSS branch, two different installation layouts were investigated, namely one PaT and two PaTs in parallel. The first one showed the best economic profitability and led to a net economic saving of 1,325 €/year and a PayBack Period (PBP) of 11 years. Another branch with higher energy recovery potential was studied and a net economic saving of 4,915 €/year and a PBP of 6 years could be achieved. Finally, the last part of the present study is focused on the efficiency of the WSS through the reduction of the electricity consumption of pumping systems acting on the volume of the supplied water. To achieve this goal, a method for monitoring and reducing network water losses has been developed. This method is based on the subdivision of the distribution water network into District Metering Areas (DMAs) and on the implementation of a remote reading system for hourly monitoring of the water balance of each water district. Subsequently, this methodology was applied to the water district of the historic center of the Osimo network, which was divided into 5 districts after having verified the resilience and hydraulic reliability of the water network divided into DMAs. An innovative 868 Mhz remote reading infrastructure was built and smart water meters were installed at the entrance of each district, as well as replaced the old residential ones. Then, a software for remote reading, management and seeking the water losses was created. In the analysed water district, 5,558.8 m^3 of water savings, an energy saving Ee_saving= 7,332 kWh and an economic saving EC_saving= 1,857.45 € were achieved during the period between September and November 2020 with a PBP of the investement of 7 years and a 20-year Net Present Value (NPV) equal to 34,405.10 €
A methodology to estimate average flow rates in Water Supply Systems (WSSs) for energy recovery purposes through hydropower solutions
Get PDFEnergy efficiency interventions in Water Supply Systems (WSSs) need a precise evaluation of the available water flow rates for energy recovery interventions; however, flow meters are generally too costly for being installed in all the gravity adduction pipelines of a WSS. This paper presents a methodology for predicting flow rates in gravity adduction pipelines based on the electricity bill consumption. In this study, the predicted average flow rate is 0.0300 m3∗s−1, being 1.64% lower than the real one. A Pelton turbine has been chosen as energy recovery unit for supplying electricity to a pumping station of a preloading tank where the water is treated to make it drinkable. An energy saving of 475.26 (MW∗h)∗year−1 is achieved, which can be also expressed as 88.87 saved Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (TOE) and 204.36 ktCO2 not released into the atmosphere. The gross economic saving due to the installation of the Pelton turbine is equal to 94.29 k€∗year−1 and it can be further increased up to 116.51 k€∗year−1 if the energy efficiency certificates issued by the Italian Authorities are considered. The Payback Period (PBP) of the intervention corresponds to 3 years, and a Net Present Value (NPV) after twenty years is approximately 1.4 M€
Improvement of the energy efficiency in water systems through water losses reduction using the district metered area (DMA) approach
No full textThe reduction of water losses is a crucial aspect to be addressed in Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) since they account for almost 50% of the water supply globally. To have a better figure of the involved water volumes, the District Metered Area (DMA) approach has been used in a WDN of a town located in the center of Italy (Osimo). In particular, a complete methodology for calculating and then detecting the water losses is described and applied using the end-users’ water volumes consumptions obtained by inspecting water bills and the supplied water through on-field measurements. These values have been subsequently used to develop and calibrate a hydraulic model of the district under investigation through EPANET, thus allowing the WDN management to estimate both flow rates and pressures to assess the zones where smart meters have to be installed. Water losses have been controlled by monitoring the flow rates through smart meters with an innovative 868 MHz remote reading infrastructure, thus leading to 5,558.8 m3 of avoided water losses (12.5% less than the initial case) that corresponds to an energy reduction and an economic saving of 7,332 kWh and 1,857 € in the last three-month period of the year 2020, respectively
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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