1,720,982 research outputs found
Direct and indirect associations of empathy, theory of mind, and language with prosocial behavior: gender differences in primary school children
No full textThe authors examined the contributions of empathic concern, perspective taking, theory of mind (ToM), and receptive language to prosocial behavior in a sample of primary school children between 8 and 11 years old. Results showed that empathic concern, perspective taking, and ToM had direct positive effects on prosocial behavior. Girls exhibited higher levels of empathic concern and prosocial behavior; furthermore, gender moderated the observed associations, as perspective taking and ToM were positively and significantly associated with prosocial behavior in boys but not in girls. Last, two indirect paths were detected: empathic concern partially mediated the relation between perspective taking and prosocial behavior, and receptive language had an indirect effect on prosocial behavior by increasing ToM ability. Implications for understanding the impact of the four social-cognitive skills on children’s prosocial development are discussed
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Stress genitoriale, empatia e comportamenti prosociali in età prescolare durante la pandemia COVID-19: Il ruolo moderatore della capacità riflessiva dei genitori. [Poster session]
No full textDiverse ricerche hanno evidenziato come lo stress genitoriale durante la pandemia COVID-19 sia
stato un fattore di rischio per lo sviluppo socio-emotivo dei loro figli. Ad oggi, pochi studi sono
stati condotti sull’impatto della pandemia su bambini in età prescolare. Questo studio ha pertanto
indagato il ruolo moderatore della capacità riflessiva dei genitori nella relazione tra stress
genitoriale legato alla pandemia (stress pandemico) e comportamenti empatici e prosociali di
bambini in età prescolare, controllando per età e genere dei bambini e stress genitoriale generale.
Una serie di questionari online è stata compilata da 104 genitori di bambini tra 18 e 35 mesi (M =
24 mesi; 53.8% maschi). Le analisi di regressione della moderazione hanno mostrato che la certezza
genitoriale sugli stati mentali del bambino modera la relazione tra stress pandemico e contagio
emotivo dei bambini, b = 0.22, p = .01, mentre la prementalizzazione genitoriale modera la
relazione tra stress pandemico e comportamenti di conforto, b = -0.22, p = .04, e di aiuto dei
bambini, b = -0.24, p = .03. Le slope analyses hanno mostrato come la funzione riflessiva dei
genitori sia un fattore protettivo, moderando l’impatto del loro stress legato alla pandemia sulle
abilità socio-emotive dei bambini
The Attentional Boost Effect in Older Adults: Examining the Vulnerable Boost Hypothesis
No full textIntroduction: The Attentional Boost Effect (ABE) occurs whenever participants recognize stimuli paired earlier with to-be-responded targets better than stimuli earlier paired with to-be-ignored distractors or presented on their own (baseline). Previous studies showed that the ABE does not occur in older adults when the encoding time is too short (500 ms/word) or when encoding is incidental, likely due to aging-related reductions in cognitive resources or limitations of processing speed. Method: In the present study, younger and older adults encoded words presented for 1000 ms under intentional instructions. In addition, to determine the potential impact of the retention interval, the recognition task was performed after a delay of 2 minutes (Experiment 1) or 20 minutes (Experiment 2). Results: Under these conditions, older adults showed a significant ABE and the size of the effect was comparable to that achieved by younger adults. The magnitude of the ABE was vulnerable to the passage of time because the recognition advantage of target-paired words decreased sharply from 2 to 20 minutes. Conclusions: Taken together, our data demonstrate that younger and older adults may have comparable ABE effects under specific conditions and are similarly sensitive to interference
The construction of self in relationships: Narratives and references to mental states during picture-book reading interactions between mothers and children
No full textPrevious studies showed that mothers vary in the way in which they discuss past experiences with their children, since they can exhibit narrative (elaborative) or paradigmatic (repetitive) styles to different extents. Given this background, the aim of the present study was to analyze differences in the mothers' use of narrative styles and mental state language (MSL), as a function of children's age and gender. Thirty dyads consisting of mothers and their 4-to 6-year-old children were observed during a picture-book reading interaction. Maternal utterances were coded according to the categories described by Tessler and Nelson (1994), classifying each mother as Narrative or Paradigmatic. Eight categories of MSL were analyzed: perceptual, emotional (positive and negative), volitional, cognitive, communicative, and moral. The results confirmed the existence of the two maternal styles observed in the earlier studies. Importantly, we found that the mothers of younger children were more narrative than paradigmatic, whereas the opposite pattern occurred for the mothers of older children (they were more paradigmatic than narrative). As concerns MSL, the results indicated that the use of communicative terms was significantly more frequent for narrative than for paradigmatic mothers, and decreased linearly with children's age. Lastly, the mothers of younger children referred their MSL more frequently to the book characters than to themselves or to the child. Taken together, these results support the idea that mothers adapt their narrative styles and MSL input to the growing abilities of their children, therefore contributing to the development of social understanding
The effects of an exhaustive task and working memory capacity on retrieval-induced forgetting
No full textThe present study investigates the relationship between retrieval-induced forgetting, executive control, and working memory capacity. Exhausting executive control resources reduces the RIF effect: we want to replicate this result and explore how working memory modulates this relationship
Executive function ratings in educational settings: concurrent relations with cognitive and affective theory of mind
No full textThe present study examined the way in which behavioural difficulties in cool and hot EFs relate to measures of cognitive and affective ToM in preschoolers. A total of 144 children between 35 and 71 months were assessed with a first-order false-belief task (measuring cognitive ToM), the Test of Emotion Comprehension (measuring affective ToM) and a control task measuring productive language. Teachers filled in the preschool version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-P), a questionnaire examining children's difficulties in educational settings in five different areas tapping both cool (Working Memory, Shift, Plan/Organize) and hot EFs (Inhibition and Emotional Control). Multiple regressions showed that cognitive ToM was predicted by productive language and executive difficulties in the Working Memory subscales of the BRIEF-P, whereas affective ToM was only predicted by age and productive language. Similarities and differences with the results of previous studies are discussed
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