1,720,953 research outputs found
“May the fourth be with you”: how will the fourth industrial revolution impact South Africa’s labour force?
No full textDissertation (LL.M.(Labour Law))--University of the Free State, 2023As we are on the verge of transitioning from an already modern era to a more sophisticated one, one cannot help but sit back and wonder how this new leap will affect the current and future world of employment.
The First Industrial Revolution came into being due to the developments made in the textile and iron industry, the use of steam and other forms of power, and the adoption of factory systems in the middle of the 18ᵗʰ century.⁵
Through these developments and initiatives, the First Industrial Revolution brought about social and economic change, increased business and trade, laid the foundation for the creation of new machinery, and much more.⁶ However, with these positive measures came adverse effects. Employers pushed employees beyond their limits, child labour increased, and cities became overpopulated.⁷
The First Industrial Revolution saw the rise of trade unionism as those employed desired more control over their work. Workers had to endure terrible working conditions on a daily basis, which were detrimental to their health and life. This led to these aggrieved workers forming trade unions to fight for a better work-life and working environment.⁸
The Second Industrial Revolution, which occurred late in the 19th century, added to that developed during the First Industrial Revolution. It brought electricity, chemical industries (and their chemical products), electronic communications technology, and alloys.⁹
These inventions made people's lives much more convenient and increased productivity in many countries.¹º However, those employed continued to work for long hours in horrible conditions, living conditions deteriorated, and many companies suffered at the hands of debt.¹¹
Trade unions started expanding across different industries during the Second Industrial Revolution, all aiming to promote better working conditions and eradicate continued exploitation.¹² The Knights of Labour was one of the most important unions during this period in that it was one of the few that had no restrictions on its membership.¹³
The Third Industrial Revolution brought automation and digitization to the table with the help of electronics, computers, the Internet, and new communication technologies in the middle of the 20ᵗʰ century.¹⁴
The Third Industrial Revolution paved the way for new innovations, which in turn created new types of jobs, such as software engineers and IT specialists. However, it also resulted in the loss of many other jobs due to implemented robots and computers capable of performing human tasks, such as agricultural activities.¹⁵
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, built on the developments of the Third Industrial Revolution, is not far from imposing its full effect.¹⁶ It will be accompanied by innovations ranging from artificial intelligence and cloud computing to 3-D printing and augmented reality.¹⁷ The impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will stretch as far as the four corners of the earth and cause multiple disruptions, especially in the world of work. It is predicted that new types of jobs will be ushered in, and current ones will evolve, requiring individuals to either upskill or reskill.¹⁸ Unfortunately, the Fourth Industrial Revolution will also lead to the downfall of many jobs and the replacement of humans in others.¹⁹ This begs the question of whether our current labour laws are relevant and sufficient to protect employees during this period.
Each of the previous industrial revolutions left their mark on society and, inadvertently, the workplace. The First Industrial Revolution with steam power and the factory system, the Second Industrial Revolution with electricity and chemicals, and the Third Industrial Revolution with automation and digitization. The question now is what possible impact, or how would the Fourth Industrial Revolution impact, the current and future world of employment. This mini-dissertation is centred on this question. It explores the possible impact of this new industrial revolution, specifically referring to current and future employees and employers. Will it be more advantageous than disadvantageous to the latter parties, or will it be the other way around? This is the question that concerns many, including me
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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