1,720,968 research outputs found
Attribution of blame to gender violence victims: A literature review of antecedents, consequences and measures of victim blame
No full textIn this article, we have reviewed the research literature on the attribution of blame to gender violence victims. We looked first at the cognitive biases (e.g., fundamental attribution error) at the core of people's tendency to blame victims. Then, we examined the effects of perceivers' ideological standpoints (e.g., gender-related conservativism), victims' (e.g., gender), perpetrators' (e.g., socio-economic status) and situational characteristics (e.g., intoxication) on blame attribution. We also analyzed the evidence on the consequences of blame attribution at intrapersonal (self-blame) and interpersonal (bystanders helping intention) level. Then, we proposed an analysis of some scales used to assess attribution of blame to sexual crimes victims. Finally, we discussed some limitations and proposed future directions to move forward research on victim blaming
Orientamento sessuale e genitorialità: quale legame?
No full textIn Italy there is a heated debate about whether same-sex couples should raise
children. In the public opinion, it is widespread the belief that a family, in order to be functional, must be based on the union (usually ratified by marriage) between two opposite sex people. However, it is overlooked that same-sex families are not a possible scenario, but rather a reality in our country, as well as in several other
ones. Moreover, it is neglected the striking amount of empirical evidence that clearly shows how the gender of the parents is not related to the children’s development
and well-being. The aim of this review is thus to reflect upon same-sex parenting
starting from the psychosocial research studies conducted in this field. In particular, we will highlight the main psychological aspects involved in same-sex parenting as
well as the main oppositions to the acknowledgement of these family configurations
Chi è Senza Peccato... Pervasività delle Condotte Immorali nella Vita Quotidiana e Strategie di Razionalizzazione
No full textNew dyads? The effect of social robots’ anthropomorphization on empathy towards human beings
Full text linkResearch on Human-Technology Interactions revealed that, under certain conditions, people instinctively interact with social robots in ways comparable to Human-Human Interactions. Indeed, people apply social perception schemas and attribute a mind to social robots, especially when they present anthropomorphic characteristics. Furthermore, under certain conditions, anthropomorphic social robots are awarded with moral consideration and participate to moral dyads. Thus, anthropomorphism facilitates social robots integration in people's lives. However, what is still unknown is whether adopting social schemas with social robots, in turn, affects how individuals perceive and interact with other people. To fill this gap, we experimentally investigated whether the type of mind attributed to anthropomorphic social robot, then, complementary influences the empathy towards a person in trouble. Participants (n = 269) interacted (vs. did not interact) through a chatbot with a highly (vs. lowly) anthropomorphic social robot, evaluated it on mind dimensions and, finally, expressed their empathy towards a person. Results demonstrated that anthropomorphism fosters the attribution of agency (anthropomorphic appearance and interaction through chatbot) and experience (anthropomorphic appearance only), which, in turn, significantly, but in opposite directions, affected empathy towards the social target. Im-plications and future research directions are outlined
Negative media portrayals of immigrants increase ingroup favoritism and hostile physiological and emotional reactions
Full text linkAnti-immigration rhetoric in the mass media has intensified over the last two decades, potentially decreasing prosocial behavior and increasing outgroup hostility toward immigrants, and fostering ingroup favoritism toward natives. We aim to understand the effects of negative and positive discourses about immigration on prosociality at different levels of societal ethnic diversity. In two studies (student sample, nationally representative sample), we conduct a survey and a 3X3 between-subject experiment, including money-incentivized behavioral games measuring prosociality. We manipulate media representations of immigrants and the probability of interacting with immigrants (the latter measuring diversity). Results show that negative news affects prosociality as a function of the probability of interacting with immigrants. Negative portrayals increase altruism and trustworthiness in ethnically homogenous settings relative to unknown and ethnically-mixed contexts. These results are stronger for right-wing and high-prejudice respondents. Moreover, negative media portrayals of immigrants increase the testosterone-cortisol ratio, which is a proxy for proneness to social aggression. Negative news also increases outgroup-related perceived health risk, outgroup anxiety and outgroup threat less in ethnically-homogeneous contexts. Overall, negative portrayals of immigrants generate physiological and emotional hostility toward the outgroup, and ingroup favoritism in economic transactions, possibly determining efficiency losses in ethnically-diverse markets, relative to ethnically-homogeneous markets
Sexualized Victims of Stranger Harassment and Victim Blaming: The Moderating Role of Right-Wing Authoritarianism
No full textA growing body of research documents the adverse effects of sexualized appearance on people’s attitudes toward women victims of blatant forms of gender violence. However, the impact of sexualization of women victims of subtle forms of gender violence and the moderating role of people’s conservativism on victim blaming remain under-investigated. In the current study, we examined the effects of sexualization on blame attribution to victims of a stranger harassment incident, considering the moderating role of participants’ Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA). Two hundred and thirty-six participants (31.8% male; Mage = 30.52, SD = 12.70) completed an RWA scale and then read a fictitious Facebook’s post where the victim herself described the stranger harassment episode that happened down the street (vs. at a house party). The post was presented with a sexualized (vs. non-sexualized) portrayal of the victim. Finally, participants rated the severity of the episode and expressed to what extent they blamed the victim. As predicted, harassment at the house party (vs. down the street) was perceived as less severe, and sexualized (vs. non-sexualized) victims were blamed to a greater extent. Our major results revealed that people’s RWA synergizes with the victim’s sexualization in shaping blame attribution. People with an average and a high level of RWA tend to blame to a greater extent the sexualized victim of stranger harassment, while blame attributions did not change according to victim’s sexualization for people with a low level of RWA
Trust in science and solution aversion: Attitudes toward adaptation measures predict flood risk perception
No full textThe psychological perception of structural measures developed to respond to hydrogeological hazards is pivotal in determining their efficacy. In this regard, alongside the vast psychological literature on mitigation behaviors, there is a lack of research on psychological constraints related to adaptation infrastructures. To fill this gap, we investigated the role of attitudes toward such measures and their antecedents on risk perception. Based on the Solution Aversion Model, Study 1 (n = 194) showed that the more participants oppose the adaptation measures, the less they perceive the risk of flooding. Extending Study 1, Study 2 (n = 95) provided evidence that distrust in science predicts people's dislike and aversion toward adaptive measures, which in turn predicts the perception of hydrogeological risk. Finally, Study 3 (n = 250) revealed that for participants with a lower level of prior knowledge about adaptation measures, the lack of trust in science predicts more negative attitudes toward adaptation, which is associated with lower risk perception
Life on Tinder: From motives of use to self-presentation
No full textTinder has become one of the most popular mobile dating apps to meet people nearby. Along with its popularity, the academic interest in understanding Tinder and the experiences of its users has grown. Worldwide, an increasing number of studies have investigated for instance what motivates people to use Tinder, how they organize and manage their self-presentation. Aligning with and extending the available literature, the present cross-sectional exploratory study investigates the experiences with Tinder in a sample of Italian emerging adults (N = 578, 65.5% women; Mage = 25.62, SDage = 5.10), investigating for possible differences among users considering their gender and age simultaneously. Participants, recruited adopting a snowball sampling technique, completed an online questionnaire comprised of different sections to explore their general experience with Tinder, their motives of use, and their self-presentation. Results show that participants use Tinder mostly for curiosity and entertainment and, during the Covid-19 lockdown, to feel less lonely. Furthermore, the results on self-presentation show that participants construct a clear, authentic, but at the same time attractive version of themselves, by highlighting, for instance, their hobbies and personality in their bios and by visually representing themselves through selfie. We situate these findings within their broader context, discuss the limitations and possible avenues for future studies into the topic
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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