8,826 research outputs found

    The vanishing author in computer-generated works: a critical analysis of recent Australian case law

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    Abstract The use of software is ubiquitous in the creation of many copyright works, yet the requirement in copyright law that every work have a human author who engages in independent intellectual effort means that its use may prevent copyright subsistence. Several recent Australian cases have refocused attention on authorship as an essential criterion of copyright subsistence, and these cases suggest that much computer-produced output may be authorless and thus lack copyright protection. This article, the first in a two-part series, analyses how each case deals with the question of authorship of computer-produced works and why the use of software diminishes copyright protection for a significant number of computer-generated works. The article critiques the application of conventional notions of human authorship developed in the pre-computer age to modern productions and suggests alternative approaches to authorship that satisfy both the major objectives of copyright policy and the need to adapt to the computer age. The article argues that, without a broader judicial approach to authorship of computer-generated works, Parliament must remedy the lacuna in protection for these ‘authorless’ works. Possible solutions for reform are suggested. In a forthcoming article, the author comprehensively examines those reform proposals

    Rhinodrilus antonioi Hernandez-Garcia & Sousa 2020, sp. nov.

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    Rhinodrilus antonioi, Hernández-García & Sousa, sp. nov. (Figure 2)Holotype. MPEG001623, adult, complete, old secondary Cerrado, Santa Tereza Village, Caxias, Maranhão, Brazil, 4°53'28.60"S, 43°25'33.27"W, 108 masl, 22 February 2019, Sousa, S.C, Sousa, A.M & Hernández-García, L.M colls. Paratypes. MPEG001624,MPEG001625,MPEG001626,MPEG001627,MPEG001628two adults and three amputee, same data as for Holotype. Etymology. The species name is in honor of Manoel Antonio de Sousa, the owner of the area where the new species was found. Description. Dimensions: holotype54 mm by 3.5 mm at X, 5.0 mm at clitellum, 3.8 mm at XXX, 310 segments; paratypes68–96 mm by 4.0– 4.2 mm at X, 4.8–5.3 mm at clitellum and 3.8–4.1 mm at XXX, 245–305 segments. Body cylindrical, dorsally pigmented to B line, dark brownish preserved, similar to code 7.5RP 3/10 of the Munsell table (Munsell 1975), ventrally apigmented; intensity of pigmentation reduces when fixed in alcohol 99%. Segments I and II grooved. Setae AB and CD commence on III, closely paired-type, regular arranged to clitellum, then B and C became irregular, quincunx at tail. Setal arrangement aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 1.3:1.0:2.6:0.12:5.3 at X, aa: ab:bc:cd:dd = 5.3:1.0:8.0:0.6:23.0 at XXX, dd>1/2 circumference throughout. Prostomium prolobic. Clitellum in XIV–XXVII, annular in XIV–XX and XXVI–XXVII, saddle-shaped to B line in XXI–XXV; dorsally milky white color preserved; ventrally pigmented to B line in XVIII–XXVII, similar to the code 7.5RP 3/16 of the Munsell table (Munsell 1975). Tubercula pubertatis (Fig. 2A) band-shaped in XXI–XXV limited to BC line; dark red pigmentation. Two specimens with tubercula pubertatis milky white in color, similar color is found in paratypes. Genital setae in XXII–XXIV, in the center of rounded gential papillae on AB line. Genital setae of segment XXIII straight, 1750 μm in length, twelve alternate semilunar excavation at the subapical concave part (Fig. 2B). Common setae of segment XXX smooth and sigmoidal, 625 μm in length (Fig. 2C). Female pores microscopical, laterally to B line in XIV, on a small globular papilla, similar in color as clitellum. Microscopic male pores in 22/ 23 in line B. Sphincteric intersegmental nephridiopores in CD line, first nephridiopores visible in XIV–XV. Septa equally thick, conical and highly muscular in 6/7–8/9. Septa 9/10–11/12 slightly muscular, intraclitellar septa membranous. Gizzard in VI, 2.3 mm in width by 2.6 mm in length, highly muscular. Intestine origin in XVIII. Sigmoidal typhlosole at XXVI extended to CCXL, occupying approximately 10%–15% of the intestinal space. Three pairs of calciferous glands, lobulated-shaped, in VII–IX; 1.5 mm in width by 1.3 mm in length, the glands are fragile, oriented dorsal-esophageal (Fig. 2D), and with tubular-composite structure (Fig. 2E). Holonephridial system, postclitellar nephridia with a small nephrostome connected to the bladder by a tube folded into two loops. Blood vessel in VII–IX. Two pairs of lateroesophageal hearts, kidney-shaped, in X–XI. A medium-developed supraesophageal vessel runs over the intestine.One pair of ovary sacs in XIII. Female pores open in segment XIV near the B line. Three pairs of spermathecae with lobulated-shaped and seminal chambers in VI–VIII. Spermathecal pores open in 6/7, 7/8, 8/9, C line, spermathecal duct as wide as ampulla, the duct measures 0.5 mm in width and 0.3 mm in length, the ampulla measures 0.6 mm in width and 0.7 mm in length, diverticula absent (Fig. 2F). Two pairs of testes sacs in X and XI. Two pairs of seminal vesicles with lobulated-shaped in XI and XII–XIV. Deferent ducts go out from testes through B line into body wall and open on 22/23 between B lines. Remarks. The quincunx arrangement of setae near the tail is a character not yet reported for the genus Rhinodrilus. This may be a character unique to Rhinodrilus antonioisp. nov. However, this character is not known for some species of this genus (Cordero 1943; Michaelsen 1934; Rosa 1895). In the genus Rhinodrilus, some species have one or more lines of irregular setal in the posterior region of the body: R. corderoi Righi, 1985; R. cucho Righi, 1996; R. fafner Michaelsen, 1918; R. fuenzalidae Cordero, 1944; R. hoeflingae Righi, 1980; R. pitun Righi & Moraes, 1990; R. xeabaibus Righi, 1969. Within this group, only R. xeabaibus has calciferous glands with a tubular-composite structure, a character shared with the new species. Still within this group, R. pitun is the only species to share the annular and saddle-shaped clitellum with R. antonioisp. nov. The new species differs from R. xeabaibus by the length (54–96 mm vs. 310 mm), by the extension of the clitellum (XIV–XXVII vs. 1/2XV–XXX), by the shape of the clitellum (annular and saddle-shaped vs. saddle-shaped throughout), by the position of tubercula pubertatis (XXI–XXV vs. 2/3XXIII–2/3XXVIII), by the position of the male pores (22/23 B line vs. 24/25 B line) and the number of spermathecae (three vs. four). R. antonioisp.nov differs from R. pitun in length [54–96 mm vs. 360 mm (in an amputated specimen Righi & Moraes 1990)], by the extension of the clitellum (XIV–XXVII vs. 1/2XIV–XXIX), position of tubercula pubertatis (XXI–XXV vs. XXII–XXVII, 1/2XXVIII), by the structure of the calciferous glands (tubular-composite vs. tubular-dichotomous) and by the spermathecal pores (6/7–8/9 C line vs. 6/7–8/9 D line).Published as part of Sousa, Sandriel Costa, Sousa, Anny Mykaelly De, Hernández-García, Luis Manuel, Gualter, Regia Maria Reis & Rousseau, Guillaume Xavier, 2020, A new earthworm species of the genus Rhinodrilus (Rhinodrilidae, Clitellata) and new records of earthworms species from the Amazon-Cerrado-Caatinga transition in the State of Maranhão, Brazil, pp. 169-174 in Zootaxa 4810 (1) on page 171, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4810.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/393702

    Análise de operação de amplificadores de pequenos sinais e baixas frequências classe A, B E AB

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    Os amplificadores baseados em transistores de junção bipolar subdividem-se em várias classes, apresentando características distintas entre si. Neste trabalho, abordam-se as classes A, B e AB realizando uma pesquisa que levantam informações sobre as diferenças existentes e dos fatores primitivos do funcionamento do amplificador que as provocam na operação em baixas frequências. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e simulações em software (Proteus Design Suite). Ao final, é realizada uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos pelos métodos de análise, revelando os parâmetros principais para determinar aplicações mais adequadas a cada classe.Trabalho não financiado por agência de fomento, ou autofinanciad

    Drumheller, AB

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    Notes - A history of the Ursaline order in Drumheller, AB from 1935 to 1985 (2 pages)Drumhelle

    e-SUS AB: versão 3.0.8

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    Vídeos fala da nova versão 3.0.8 do e-SUS AB e das possibilidades de uso das informações dos relatórios de e-SUS AB, aborda o sisprenatal WEB, as metas, desafios de integração das informações (sistemas), fala das mudanças na ficha de atividade coletiva, explica sobre os campos de informações de imunobiológicos (ficha de vacinação) e relatórios descontinuado.Víde

    Souvenir of Edmonton, AB

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    Booklet - Souvenir of Edmonton - The Capital City of Alberta. Collection of photographs in a green cover tied with string, Edmonton, AB (48 pages

    F.L.U.P. : P.E. - 2.ª Fase : Ab. Águas - Plano de Armaduras : 1. 97

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    DocumentoF.L.U.P. : P.E. - 2.ª Fase : Ab. Águas - Plano de Armaduras : 1. 97 / Nuno J. Tasso de Sousa Arq. - 1:50 ; 1:100. - 1990-08. - 2 plantas, 5 cortes em 1 folha : col. N.º do desenho: 7083

    Ab initio pair potentials at metal-ceramic interfaces

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    A systematic approach is proposed to obtain the interfacial interatomic potentials. By inverting ab initio adhesive energy curves for the metal-MgO ceramic interfaces, We derive interfacial potentials between Ag and O2-, Ag and Mg2+, Al and O2-, Al and Mg2+. The interfacial potentials, obtained from this method, demonstrate general features of bondings between metal atoms and ceramic ions

    Expression of heterosis for productive traits in F1 eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) hybrids.

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    This study was carried out to obtain estimates of heterosis in crosses between seven eggplant cultivars (Embu = E; Santa Genebra = SG; Viserba = V; Aubergine de Barbentane = AB; Florida Market 10 = FM; Black Beauty = BB, and Melitino = M) and two breeding lines (B-14-07 = B1 and B-31-06 = B2). The F1 hybrids used were: E x FM; E x BB; E x M; E x B1; E x B2; SG x FM; SG x BB; SG x M; SG x B1; SG x B2; V x FM; V x B1; V x B2; AB x FM; AB x M; AB x B1; AB x B2 and M x FM. Cultivars, lines and hybrids were evaluated at the ESAL experimental field in Lavras, MG, from February to October 1992. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Significant heterosis relative to the parental means was detected for all traits studied. Their values ranged from +41.23% to +113.31% for total fruit yield, from -11.45% to +26.17% for average fruit weight, and from +27.98% to +141.81% for early production. Heterosis relative to the superior parent ranged from +13.89% to +92.51% for total fruit yield. Hybrid pairs: SG x FM and AB x B1, V x FM and AB x FM, E x M and AB x B1 were the most heterotic relative to the parental mean for total fruit production, mean fruit weight and early production, respectively. The hybrids displaying highest heterosis relative to the superior parent for total yield were AB x B1 and SG x FM
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