1,721,124 research outputs found
Gender differences in the relationship between neuroticism and odor memory
No full textGiven the indications on the relationship between neuroticism and various olfactory functions as well as the emotionality of odor memory, it is surprising that no research so far has investigated whether neuroticism corresponds with odor memory performance. Thus, the purpose of our study was to address this question in the context of gender differences. Participants (73 men) completed the 60-items NEO Five Factor Inventory and participated in 32-items "Test for odor memory". In the separate analyses conducted for men and women, we demonstrated that women outperformed men regarding the number of correct odor recognitions in the odor memory test and had higher neuroticism level than men. Spearman correlation showed further that neuroticism was positively associated with D-prime (R = 0.3, p = .021) and the number of correct odor recognitions in women (R = 0.32, p = .014). This effect was, respectively, moderately (B10 = 5.2) and strongly confirmed using the Bayesian approach (B10 = 8). However, Bonferroni post-hoc correction for multiple comparisons further revealed that in case of neuroticism and the number of hits, as well as D-prime, alpha level was below significance, indicated by p = .006. The correlation between neuroticism level and odor memory performance was significantly higher in women compared to men (Z = 1.8, p = .038), while in case of neuroticism and D-prime, it was on a trend level (Z = 1.5, p = .074). Overall, the present results indicate that neuroticism might be linked to conscious odors' remembering for women, which can be explained by the warning role of odor memory and its connection to limbic structures, as well as by the higher level of neuroticism and odor memory performance in women compared to men
Similarities in color preferences between women and men: the case of the hunter gatherer Hadza tribe from Tanzania
No full textEvidence for cross-cultural patterns of sexual differences in color preferences raised the question of whether these preferences are determined by universal principles. To address this question, we investigated most- and least-favorite color choices in a nonindustrialized community, the Hadza that has an egalitarian hunter-gatherer culture, fundamentally different from those previously investigated. We also compared color preference patterns in the Hadza with published data from Poland and Papua. Our results show that Hadza have very different color preferences than Polish and Papuan Yali respondents. Unlike many industrialized and nonindustrialized cultures, Hadza color preferences are practically the same for women and men. These observations question the idea of universal differences of color preferences between sexes and raise important questions about the determinants of color preferences
Sex differences in color preferences transcend extreme differences in culture and ecology
No full textAt first glance, color preferences might seem to be the most subjective and context-dependent aspects of color cognition. Yet they are not. The present study compares color preferences of women and men from an industrialized and a remote, nonindustrialized culture. In particular, we investigated preferences in observers from Poland and from the Yali in Papua, respectively. Not surprisingly, we found that color preferences clearly differed between the two communities and also between sexes. However, despite the pronounced cultural differences, the way in which men and women differed from each other was almost the same in both cultures. At the same time, this sexual contrast was not specific to biological components of color vision. Our results reveal a pattern of sexual dimorphism that transcends extreme differences in culture and ecology. They point toward strong cross-cultural constraints beyond the biological predispositions of nature and the cultural particularities of nurture
Variable Preferences for Sexual Dimorphism in Stature (SDS) Might Not Be Universal
No full text In Western societies women prefer relatively taller men as potential partners, whereas men prefer women to be slightly shorter than them. Here we report data on relative height preferences in a traditional ethnic group, i.e. the Himba, in which men and women do not show such a strong preference. Thus our data challenges the view of a universal preference for taller men, by suggesting that height preferences may be influenced by environmental and ecological conditions. </jats:p
Body Height Preferences and Actual Dimorphism in Stature between Partners in Two Non-Western Societies (Hadza and Tsimane')
No full textBody height influences human mate preferences and choice. A typical finding in Western societies is that women prefer men who are taller than themselves and, equivalently, men prefer women who are shorter than themselves. However, recent reports in non-Western societies (e.g., the Himba in Namibia) challenge the view on the universality of such preferences. Here we report on male and female height preferences in two non-Western populations-the Hadza (Tanzania) and the Tsimane' (Bolivia)-and the relationships between body height preferences and the height of actual partners. In the Hadza, most individuals preferred a sexual dimorphism in stature (SDS) with the man being much taller than the woman. Preferences for SDS and actual partner SDS were positively and significantly correlated in both men and women, suggesting that people who preferred larger height differences also had larger height differences with their partners. In the Tsimane', the majority of men preferred an SDS with the man being taller than the woman, but women did not show such a preference. Unlike in the Hadza, SDS preference was not significantly correlated to actual partner SDS. We conclude that patterns of height preferences and choices in the Hadza and Tsimane' are different than those observed in Western societies, and discuss possible causes for the observed differences between non-Western and Western societies
A data-driven study of Chinese participants' social judgments of Chinese faces
Full text linkSocial judgments of faces made by Western participants are thought to be underpinned by two dimensions: valence and dominance. Because some research suggests that Western and Eastern participants process faces differently, the two-dimensional model of face evaluation may not necessarily apply to judgments of faces by Eastern participants. Here we used a data-driven approach to investigate the components underlying social judgments of Chinese faces by Chinese participants. Analyses showed that social judgments of Chinese faces by Chinese participants are partly underpinned by a general approachability dimension similar to the valence dimension previously found to underpin Western participants’ evaluations of White faces. However, we found that a general capability dimension, rather than a dominance dimension, contributed to Chinese participants’ evaluations of Chinese faces. Thus, our findings present evidence for both cultural similarities and cultural differences in social evaluations of faces. Importantly, the dimension that explained most of the variance in Chinese participants’ social judgments of faces was strikingly similar to the valence dimension previously reported for Western participants
Visual Perception of British Women’s Skin Color Distribution in Two Nonindustrialized Societies, the Maasai and the Tsimane’
No full textIn women with lightly pigmented skin in particular, facial skin color homogeneity decreases with age, primarily due to chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR), leading to a decrease in perceived health and attractiveness. Perception of female skin may be influenced by continuous exposure to, and thus familiarity with, age-related changes in visible skin condition in a given society. Men and women of two traditional societies, the Maasai (Tanzania) and the Tsimane’ (Bolivia), unfamiliar with lighter colored skin, judged images of British women’s facial skin for age, health, and attractiveness. In both samples, images with homogeneous skin color (from the cheeks of younger women) were judged to be younger and healthier and received a stronger preference than corresponding images with heterogeneous skin color (from older women). We suggest that (i) human sensitivity for quality-related information from facial skin color distribution is universal and independent of any known age-dependent variation in skin in a given population and (ii) skin discoloration is universally associated with less positive judgment
Polemic with a text: Analysis of the problem regarding publishing the scientific articles written in English in humanities and social sciences by scholars originated and educated in non-English speaking countries (Wagner 2012)
No full textPrezentowany artykuł jest polemiką z tekstem Izabeli Wagner (Selektywna analiza problemu publikacji humanistów i przedstawicieli nauk społecznych w języku angielskim, „Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej”, 2012, t. 8, nr 1, s. 166–187). Jeden z głównych wątków
tej publikacji dotyczył procesu recenzyjnego w zagranicznych czasopismach naukowych, który Wagner – na podstawie swojego jednostkowego doświadczenia z czasopismem amerykańskim – przedstawiła w sposób bardzo negatywny. Jednak ani
autor tej polemiki, ani inni znani mu polscy badacze publikujący artykuły z zakresu
nauk społecznych właściwie nie spotkali się z opisanymi przez Wagner problemami. Przekazanie tej informacji czytelnikom PSJ-otu wydaje mi się o tyle istotne, iż
jednostronne, pejoratywne przedstawienie procesu recenzji przez Wagner może powodować uprzedzenia polskich naukowców wobec prób publikacji w czasopismach
międzynarodowych. W polemice tej wyjaśniam ponadto szczegółowo proces przyznawania przez MNiSW punktów czasopismom zagranicznym (którego nieznajomość może rodzić wiele nieporozumień), opisuję możliwości postępowania wobec
opisanych przez Wagner nieetycznych zachowań redaktora czasopisma, a także
ustosunkowuję się do rad autorki dotyczących kariery międzynarodowej i proponowanych przez nią strategii publikacyjnych.In the presented polemical article I discuss the paper by Izabela Wagner (Selektywna analiza problemu publikacji
humanistów i przedstawicieli nauk społecznych w języku angielskim [Analysis of the problem regarding publishing
the scientific articles written in English in humanities and social sciences by scholars originated and educated
in non-English speaking countries], „Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej”, 2012, t. 8, nr 1, s. 166–187). One of the
main issues of her polemic was the process of articles’ review in the scientific international journals. On
the basis of her single experience with an American journal, Wagner presents a very negative view on this
process. However, neither the author of the presented polemic, nor other known to him Polish scientist who
have published articles in the international journals in the area of social sciences have encountered problems
described by Wagner. In my opinion, such information is very important for the readers of PSJ, since subjective
and pejorative presentation of the reviewing process might cause prejudices towards publishing articles
in the international journals among the Polish scientists. Additionally, I described in detail the process of
assignment of points to the international journals by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
(the knowledge of which might help to avoid important misunderstandings). Moreover, I presented the
possible ways of dealing with unethical editor’s behavior described by Wagner and analyzed her advices on
publishing strategies and international career
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