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The Filtration Capacity of Buckwheat Malt and the Yield of Wort
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Toiduainete tehnoloogia õppekavalÕlu on kääritatud alkohoolne jook, mida tarbitakse üle maailma. Traditsiooniliselt
valmistatakse õlut gluteeni sisaldavatest odralinnastest, mis ei sobi tsöliaakiat põdevatele
inimestele. Paraku on gluteenivabade toitude ja jookide valik piiratud. Tatar (Fagopyrum
Mill.) on gluteenivaba taimeperekond tatraliste sugukonnas, millest tehtud õlu sarnaneb
maitse, lõhna ja mõruduse poolest tavaõllele. Eestis toodavad gluteenivaba õlut vaid
mõned tööstused ja väikesed pruulikojad. 100%-list tatraõlut Eestis ei toodeta ja tatart
lisatakse enamasti maitselisandina. Antud magistritöö eesmärk oli uurida tatralinnastest
tehtud meski filtreerimisvõimet virde eraldamisel ja virde kadu, et välja selgitada, kas
tatart on optimaalne kasutada ainutoorainena, et toota gluteenivaba õlut. Selleks on
katsetatud erinevate odra- ja tatralinnaste koguste vahekordadega ning uuritud virde
saagist, et leida tatralinnase mõju virde omadustele. Toorainena olid kasutusel
odralinnased „IREKS Pale Ale“ ning tatralinnased „Château Buckwheat“, lisanditeks
maisihelbed, tatrakestad ja ensüümipreparaat Ceremix® Flex. Virdest määrati
suhkrusisaldus, pH, erikaal, värvus EBC skaalal, erinevate süsivesikute sisaldus ja
viskoossus. Rabast määrati niiskus- ja süsivesikute sisaldus. Samuti mõõdeti virde saagist
liitrites. Tatralinnastega meskitud virde pH oli püsivalt üsna kõrge: leiti, et koguvirde pH
(lisatud veega) on vahemikus 6,26-6,53, ja ilma lisatud veeta 6,16-6,45. Tatralinnaste
osakaalu suurendamine tõstab virde pH-d, mis viitab nõrgale ensüümide toimele, selle
vastu aitab mingil määral ensüümide lisamine, mis alandab koguvirde pH-d. Tatralinnase
osakaalu tõstmine vähendas statistiliselt algvirde ja koguvirde suhkrusisaldust (r = -0,99,
p = 0,002 ja r = -0,91, p = 0,034). 50, 75 ja 100%-lise tatravirde puhul suurendavad
lisandid nagu maisihelbed ja ensüüm suhkrusisaldust. Tatrakestade kasutamine ei
avaldanud märkimisväärset mõju. Kõige väiksem kaoprotsent saadi kasutades 50%
tatralinnaseid ja 50% odralinnaseid, millesse oli lisatud ensüümipreparaati (8,6%).
Üleüldine kaoprotsent kõikides katsetes jäi 9-24% vahele. Tatralinnaste osakaalul ja kao
suurenemisel on tugev positiivne seos: r = 0,93, p < 0,05. Kadude vähenemisele aitab
kaasa nii maisihelveste kui ka ensüümi lisamine, kusjuures on ensüümi lisamisel 100%-
lise tatravirde kadu vaid ~17%. Maltoosisisaldus rabas vähenes tatralinnase suurema osakaaluga (r = -0,96, p < 0,05), kusjuures 100%-lise tatravirde puhul puudus maltoos
täielikult. Maltoosisisalduse parandamiseks kasutati ensüümipreparaati, mis tõstis
maltoosisisalduse 9,43%-ni. Tulemustest selgus, et gluteenivaba 100%-list tatraõlut on
võimalik pruulida ainult sel juhul, kui meskimisel kasutada ensüümipreparaati. 75%-list
tatraõlut saab pruulida ilma ensüümita, kuid esinevad maitse-, lõhna- ja viskoossusevead.
Virde omadused sõltuvad suuresti meskimisparameetritest, seega oleks tatralinnaste
filtreerimisvõime ja virde saagise täpsemaks hindamiseks tarvis läbi viia veel täiendavaid
uurimusi, kasutades kirjanduses leiduvaid optimaalsemaid meskimisparameetreid, mis
võiksid suurendada virde suhkrusisaldust ja saagist.Beer is a fermented alcoholic beverage that is consumed around the world. It is traditionally
brewed from gluten-rich barley malt, which is not suitable for people with coeliac disease.
Unfortunately, the variety of gluten-free foods and beverages is limited. Buckwheat
(Fagopyrum Mill.) is a gluten-free plant in the Polygonaceae family, the beer of which is
similar in taste, aroma and bitterness to ordinary beer made from barley. Only a few industries
and small breweries produce gluten-free beer in Estonia. Beer made only from buckwheat is
not produced in Estonia, and when it is buckwheat is usually added as an adjunct. The aim of
this master’s thesis was to study the filtration capacity of buckwheat mash during the
separation of wort from brewers’ spent grain (BSG) and the loss of wort, to find out whether
buckwheat can be used optimally as a sole raw material to produce gluten-free beer. To this
end, different ratios of barley and buckwheat malt were used, and the yield of wort was
examined, to characterise the effect of buckwheat on the quality of wort. The raw materials
used were barley malt “IREKS Pale Ale” and buckwheat malt “Château Buckwheat”, with
the addition of cornflakes, buckwheat husks and Ceremix® Flex enzyme. The sugar content,
pH, specific gravity, colour in EBC units, content of carbohydrates and viscosity were
measured from wort. Moisture content and the content of carbohydrates were measured from
BSG. The yield of wort was measured in litres. The pH of buckwheat wort was consistently
quite high: the pH of wort (with added water during filtration) was found to be in the range
of 6.26-6.53, and without added water 6.16-6.45. Increasing the proportion of buckwheat
malt raised the pH of the wort, which indicates little enzymatic activity, while the addition of
enzymes helped to some extent, and lowered the pH of the wort. Increasing the proportion of
buckwheat malt statistically reduced the sugar content of the initial and total wort (r = -0.99,
p = 0.002 and r = -0.91, p = 0.034). For mash with 50, 75 and 100% buckwheat malt, additives
such as cornflakes and enzymes increased the sugar content of wort. The use of buckwheat
husks did not have a significant effect. The highest yield (91,4%) was obtained using 50%
buckwheat malt and 50% barley malt with added enzymes. The overall loss rate in all
experiments ranged from 9% to 24%. There was a statistically strong relationship between
the proportion of buckwheat malt and the increase of losses: r = 0.93, p < 0.05. The addition of both cornflakes and enzymes contributed to the reduction of losses, whereas the addition
of enzymes resulted in a loss of only ~17% of wort made solely from buckwheat. The maltose
content in BSG decreased with a higher proportion of buckwheat malt (r = -0.96, p < 0.05),
whereas maltose was completely absent in the case of 100% buckwheat BSG. For this, an
enzyme was used to improve the maltose content, which increased it to 9.43%. The results
showed that gluten-free beer made solely from buckwheat malt can only be brewed if an
enzyme preparation is used in the brewing process. Beer made with 75% of buckwheat malt
can be brewed without added enzymes, but there are defects of taste, smell and viscosity. The
properties of the wort depend largely on the parameters of mashing, so further studies would
be needed to better assess the filtration capacity of buckwheat mash and the yield of wort,
using more optimal mashing techniques, as proposed in the literature
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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