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School-based drug prevention programs: A review of what works
No full textThis article examines the effectiveness of school-based drug prevention programs in preventing illicit drug use. Our article reports the results of a systematic review of the evaluation literature to answer three fundamental questions: (1) do school-based drug prevention programs reduce rates of illicit drug use? (2) what features are characteristic of effective programs? and (3) do these effective program characteristics differ from those identified as effective in reviews of school-based drug prevention of licit substance use (such as alcohol and tobacco)? Using systematic review and meta-analytic techniques, we identify the characteristics of school-based drug prevention programs that have a significant and beneficial impact on ameliorating illicit substance use (i.e., narcotics) among young people. Successful intervention programs typically involve high levels of interactivity time-intensity, and universal approaches that are delivered in the middle school years. These program characteristics aligned with many of the effective program elements found in previous reviews exploring the impact of school-based drug prevention on licit drug use. Contrary to these past reviews, however, our analysis suggests that the inclusion of booster sessions and multifaceted drug prevention programs have little impact on preventing illicit drug use among school-aged children. Limitations of the current review and policy implications are discussed
Relative risk of illegal pedestrian behaviours
No full textHigh numbers of pedestrians are killed and injured each year in urban areas, with about half being considered responsible for the crash. Observations of pedestrian behaviour show widespread non-compliance with legal requirements, which are difficult to enforce in any case. However, there is no information available on the level of crash risk associated with illegal pedestrian behaviours, and hence on the rationale for enforcement and the priorities for public education. An observation survey of pedestrian behaviour was conducted at signalised intersections in the Brisbane CBD, using behavioural categories selected on the basis that the involvement of these behaviours in pedestrian crashes was identifiable in police crash reports. The survey confirmed high levels of crossing against the lights or close to the lights. The observation data were weighted to provide a measure of the exposure of pedestrians crossing legally, against the lights, and close to the lights. Eleven years of crash data were analysed to determine numbers of pedestrian crashes which fell into these categories, and relative risk ratios were calculated. The risk ratios showed that crossing against the lights and crossing close to the lights both exhibit a crash risk per crossing event approximately eight times that of legal crossing at signalised intersections. The implications of these results for enforcement and education are discussed. The limitations of the study are discussed in terms of the constraints of police report data and the logistical challenges of conducting observation at locations other than signalised intersections and other than in the CBD
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Guidelines for developing and operating Learner Driver Mentor Programs
No full textThis guide is designed to help you develop and operate Learner Driver Mentor Programs (LDMPs). These programs help learner drivers who have difficulty complying with the graduated driver licensing (GDL) system, which requires them to obtain a particular number of hours of supervised on-road driving experience in order to graduate from their learner licence to their provisional licence. These learners may not have access to an appropriate supervisor, an appropriate vehicle, or may be unable to afford professional driving lessons. Learner driver mentor programs provide a safe vehicle, and pair these learner drivers with volunteer mentors who help them to get the required hours of driving experience
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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