1,721,519 research outputs found
Information on ‘Tatars’ in Chinese Historical Chronicles: “Song Shi” and Works of Li Xinchuan
Get PDFThis article analyzes the ethnonym ‘Tatars’ within the context of Chinese historical sources from the Song dynasty, particularly focusing on the dynastic history “Song Shi” and the writings of Li Xinchuan. The authors explore the variety of character representations of this ethnonym in Song-era documents, reflecting the complexity and multifaceted perceptions of this ethnic group by Chinese chroniclers. It is established that ‘Tatars’ (塔塔) first appear in “Song Shi” as competitors to the Black Tatars, to which Genghis Khan belonged. The study reveals that the cultural Tatars residing near Mount Yinshan maintained contacts with China from the end of the Tang dynasty and the Five Dynasties period until 984, but these relations were severed following the uprising of Li Jiqian. Furthermore, it is shown that Li Xinchuan was the first to note the emergence of the ethnonym ‘Mongol-Tatars’ with the rise of Genghis Khan's empire. Thus, the article underscores the significance of Chinese sources for studying the history of the Tatars and their interactions with regional peoples, while Li Xinchuan’s works represent a valuable contribution to understanding the ethnic and political history of Central Asia during the Song era and the early Mongol Empire
Production of a Bacteria-like Particle Vaccine Targeting Rock Bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) Iridovirus Using Nicotiana benthamiana
No full textViral diseases are extremely widespread infections that change constantly through mutations. To produce vaccines against viral diseases, transient expression systems are employed, and Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) plants are a rapidly expanding platform. In this study, we developed a recombinant protein vaccine targeting the major capsid protein (MCP) of iridovirus fused with the lysine motif (LysM) and coiled-coil domain of coronin 1 (ccCor1) for surface display using Lactococcus lactis. The protein was abundantly produced in N. benthamiana in its N-glycosylated form. Total soluble proteins isolated from infiltrated N. benthamiana leaves were treated sequentially with increasing ammonium sulfate solution, and recombinant MCP mainly precipitated at 40–60%. Additionally, affinity chromatography using Ni–NTA resin was applied for further purification. Native structure analysis using size exclusion chromatography showed that recombinant MCP existed in a large oligomeric form. A minimum OD600 value of 0.4 trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-treated L. lactis was required for efficient recombinant MCP display. Immunogenicity of recombinant MCP was assessed in a mouse model through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum-injected recombinant MCP-displaying L. lactis. In summary, we developed a plant-based recombinant vaccine production system combined with surface display on L. lactis.11Nsciescopuskc
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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