196,090 research outputs found
The characterization and potential utilization of the phenolic compounds found in a pyrolytic oil
No full textVita.The liquid fraction from the pyrolysis of wood waste material was studied for qualitative and quantitative phenolic content by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The total phenolic content detected by chromatography was found to be 3.1% of the total oil. A previous sample of the oil showed phenolic contents as high as 14.21%. Potential utility of the liquid was examined in the formulation of thermosetting adhesives from the pyrolytic products. Adhesives showing some promise were made from the phenolic fraction, and formaldehyde at three pH levels. Those prepared at pH 3 and 11 showed some adhesive ability. Calculations were made which indicate that a typical plywwod plant could produce supplemental chemicals and energy if the waste material, which is currently burned, is diverted to pyrolytic conversion
Hydrocarbons via catalytic hydrogen treatment of a wood pyrolytic oil
No full textTypescript (photocopy).Pyrolysis exhibits promise as a process for the conversion of biomass residues into chemical and fuel feedstocks. The oil product derived from this process, namely pyrolytic oil, is a complex mixture of many components including phenolics, anhydrosugars and polynuclear aromatics, and is believed to have good potential as a liquid fuel. However, due primarily to its high oxygen content and high viscosity, the oil can currently only be used as a boiler fuel. An upgrading process would be necessary to convert pyrolytic oil into a fuel suitable for use in internal combustion engines. This study reports progress in the application of catalytic hydrotreating and hydrocracking procedures to the pyrolytic oil to improve volatility, decrease oxygen content and generally to produce liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. Results of a screening program using twelve catalysts are reported, leading to the identification of 0.5% Platinum or Palladium catalysts as catalysts with some desired specificities for hydrotreating. Further studies suggested that 5% Pt and Pd catalysts in the presence of decalin solvent promotes more hydrogenolysis of C-O bonds and further reduction of large molecules. Analyses showed that the raw oil was upgraded to a low viscosity, low oxygen content light liquid mixture of hydrocarbons with increased heating value. The process was further improved in the use of one component of the hydrocarbon product as a solvent, and indicates that the process can be independent of petroleum-based solvents. The conversion rate of pyrolytic oil into liquid hydrocarbons by this process is above 50%, weight basis, and approximately 85-90%, energy basis. The product contains 40% light hydrocarbons in the gasoline range, a 50% middle fraction distributed in the diesel range and some 10% heavier ends. A total of more than 120 compounds, generally hydrocarbons, were identified by GC-MS analysis. Preliminary investigations into some physical properties of these hydrocarbons such as viscosity, heating value, carbonaceous residue, specific gravity, etc. were also conducted
Changes in gene expression in slash pine in response to disease and water stress
No full textTypescript (photocopy).Evidence is presented here for stress-induced changes in gene expression and the specificity of plant metabolic responses to applied stress. Analysis of changes in the rate and pattern of protein synthesis in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm) due to disease and water stress was investigated. Electrophoretic analyses of extracts of slash pine seedlings infected with the pitch canker fungus (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans) revealed induction of a 55 kD stress protein in hypocotyl and root sections after a lag phase of 16 h. The stress protein is best extracted from stressed tissues with slightly alkaline Tris-HCl (pH 8.65) buffer and is not detected in healthy tissues. Further, the possibility of induction of stress proteins under different pathological conditions was investigated with abiotic elicitors as challenge inoculum. Gel electrophoretic separations of protein ex tracts revealed no detectable changes in seedlings challenged with heat killed and autoclaved spore suspensions. In contrast, seedlings challenged with cell-free culture extracts responded with induction of a 57 kD protein. The relationship between low water potentials and protein synthesis was also investigated in slash pine hypocotyls and callus cultures. Protein synthesis was assessed at varying water potentials (-0.8, -1.3, -1.8 and -2.5 M Pa) by labeling cells with [35]S-methionine at different incubation times. Water stress was induced by incubating seedling and callus cultures in growth media containing different levels of mannitol (0 to 15%). As the water potential decreased, the relative rates of the label uptake as well as its incorporation into proteins also decreased. The responses elicited by water stress in hypocotyls and callus cultures arc apparently distinct and tissue specific. Hypocotyl sections exposed to -1.8 M Pa for 24 h show induction of a 46 kD protein; at -2.5 M Pa at least five new proteins of 82 kD, 71 kD, 70 kD, 64 kD and 58 kD were induced. When stressed hypocotyl sections were returned to treatment medium without mannitol, normal protein synthesis appeared to resume. The pattern of protein synthesis in slash pine callus cultures subjected to -1.8 M Pa for 16 h showed induction of three proteins of 21 kD, 57 kD 80 kD and enhanced synthesis of five other proteins..
Dr. Duane M. Jackson, Morehouse College, July 2011
No full textThis video is a conversation with Dr. Duane M. Jackson. Dr. Jackson talks about his paper, "Recall and the Serial Position Effect: The Role of Primacy and Recency on Accounting Students' Performance." Jackie Daniel, AUC Woodruff Library, is the interviewer
Characterization of the effects of nitrogen and carbon sources on protein production of suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill)
No full textVita.A shear resistant photosynthetic suspension culture of Glycine max has been used to study the effects of inorganic nitrogen and carbon on cell mass, protein and chlorophyll production, and the kinetics of nitrogen and carbon uptake. Different nitrate:ammonium ratios in the media were studied by varying concentrations of inorganic nitrogen salts in a full factorial experiment. The results showed that 38.6 mM nitrate and 10.3 mM ammonium provided the highest cell growth and protein and chlorophyll contents. At higher ammonium concentrations, regardless of nitrate concentration, cell mass, protein and chlorophyll contents decreased. Sucrose proved to be the best sugar source for growing this soybean suspension culture. Different concentrations of sucrose and carbon dioxide were also studied in a full factorial experiment. The results showed that a combination of 1% sucrose and 2% carbon dioxide (in air) provided the highest cell growth and protein and chlorophyll production. However, the chlorophyll content declined when the sugar concentration increased to 5% with all concentrations of carbon dioxide. The cultures had an absolute requirement for sugar to some extent regardless of carbon dioxide concentration. Protein patterns and amino acid compositions of suspension cultures were compared with those from different parts of the soybean plant, seedlings and commercially isolated soy protein which is used in the food industry. It was found that the electrophoretic pattern of the cultured cell protein was similar to that of the leaf cells. The cultured cell protein contained most of the bands which appeared in the commercially isolated soy protein as well as several other bands. The levels of essential amino acids in the cultured cell protein, in general, were higher than those in the commercially isolated soy protein. The soybean suspension cultures grew well in a bioreactor and produced a high cell mass and protein content in a short time. This showed the feasibility of scaling up for rapid production of high cell mass and protein
Degradation of high-molar-mass hyaluronan by an oxidative system comprising ascorbate, Cu(II), and hydrogen peroxide: Inhibitory action of antiinflammatory drugs-Naproxen and acetylsalicylic acid
No full textChanges in dynamic viscosity of the solutions of a high-molar-mass hyaluronan (HA) were monitored using a rotational viscometer. The degradative conditions generated in the HA solutions by a system comprising ascorbate plus Cu(II) plus H(2)O(2) were studied either in the presence or absence of a drug--naproxen or acetylsalicylic acid. Continual decrease of the dynamic viscosity of HA solution was indicative of the polymer degradation. Addition of the drug retarded/inhibited the HA degradation in a concentration-dependent manner. The characteristics of the fragmented polymers were investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy and by two different liquid chromatographic techniques, namely by size-exclusion chromatography equipped with a multi-angle light scattering photometric detector and by high-performance liquid chromatography connected on-line to a spectrofluorometer
"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States" By M. Carey.
No full text"Reflections on the subject of Emigration from Europe with a view to Settlement in the United States: containing bried sketches of the moral and political character of those states.
By M. Carey, member of the American philosophical, and of the American Antiquarian Society, and author of The Olive Branch, Cindiciae Hibernicae, essays on banking, on political economy, and on internal improvement.
To which are now added the English editor's comments on the subject; together with Important Advice to Emigrants, and Cautions Against Impositions Practiced in the Outports
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Cross-synergism of cellulases from different sources
No full textTypescript (photocopy) -- Texas A&M UniversityBioconversion of cellulose has great potential for supplying large quantities of fermentable feedstocks which can be converted to fuels and commodity chemicals. To achieve maximum conversion of celluose in enzymatic hydrolysis processes, characteristics of enzyme components comprising the cellulase enzyme system must be defined. Some of the most important characteristics to be defined are the synergistic interactions among the various components comprising the system. The goal of this research was to investigate synergism among component enzymes from various sources in order to enhance overall activity in enzymatic hydrolysis processes. Simple purification procedures were developed to obtain electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme components. Commercial cellulases from Trichoderma viride, Penici/Hum funicu/osum, and Aspergillus n/ger were purified using gel filtration followed by chromatofocusing. In some cases, IV chromatofocausing fractions were further purified by a second gel filtration step. Selected enzymes components were characterized for molecular weight, optimum pH and inhibition by glucose and cellobiose. Synergistic interactions were evaluated with purified enzymes from a given source, and cross-synergistic interactions were studied among enzymes from different sources. Only a few pairs of enzymes showed significant synergism, and both exo-exo and endo-exo types of synergism occured. Components enzymes which showed the greatest synergism were further studied to determine their effectiveness for enhancing hydrolysis of Avicel by crude 7. viride and P. fun/cu/osum cellulases. Addition of 0-glucosidase to either of the crude cellulases provided the greatest enhancement. In addition, exoglucanase from 7. viride (Texo-2) was found to enhance P. funiculosum cellulase significantly. Mixtures of crude 7. viride and P. funiculosum cellulases also were evaluted for enhancing Avicel hydrolysis. A 1:3 ratio of 7. viride to P, funiculosum cellulase was found to be the most effective. Addition of crude A. niger cellulase to either of the other crude celluases or mixtures of the two also gave significant enhancement of hydrolysis. The highest conversion was achieved when A. niger cellulase was added to a 3:1 ratio of 7. viride to P, funiculosum celluase
Dr. Glendon Swarthout
No full textHosted by Roger M. Busfield, MSU Assistant Professor of Speech and Theater, Meet the Author is designed to introduce a general audience to a contemporary author and their work through in-depth interviews. This episode features a conversation between Dr. Glendon Swarthout, prolific author and English professor at MSU, and assistant professors Sam S. Baskett and Theodore B. Strandness
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